{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:37:49Z","timestamp":1792010269622,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Commercializations Promotion Agency for R&amp;D Outcomes (COMPA)","award":["2021N400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021N400"]}]},{"name":"Commercializations Promotion Agency for R&amp;D Outcomes (COMPA)","award":["NRF-2022R111A1A01072632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R111A1A01072632"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["2021N400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021N400"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2022R111A1A01072632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R111A1A01072632"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021N400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021N400"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2022R111A1A01072632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R111A1A01072632"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone differentiation is crucial for skeletal development and maintenance. Its dysfunction can cause various pathological conditions such as rickets, osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, or Paget\u2019s disease. Although traditional two-dimensional cell culture systems have contributed significantly to our understanding of bone biology, they fail to replicate the intricate biotic environment of bone tissue. Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cell cultures have gained widespread popularity for addressing bone defects. This review highlights the advantages of employing 3D culture systems to investigate bone differentiation. It highlights their capacity to mimic the complex in vivo environment and crucial cellular interactions pivotal to bone homeostasis. The exploration of 3D culture models in bone research offers enhanced physiological relevance, improved predictive capabilities, and reduced reliance on animal models, which have contributed to the advancement of safer and more effective strategies for drug development. Studies have highlighted the transformative potential of 3D culture systems for expanding our understanding of bone biology and developing targeted therapeutic interventions for bone-related disorders. This review explores how 3D culture systems have demonstrated promise in unraveling the intricate mechanisms governing bone homeostasis and responses to pharmacological agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T08:43:48Z","timestamp":1708505028000},"page":"2512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Advantages of Using 3D Spheroid Culture Systems in Toxicological and Pharmacological Assessment for Osteogenesis Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0046-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chawon","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1653-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sou Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Mok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Hye","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Ran","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joung-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Beauty Care, Dongguk University Wise, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doyoung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9689-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huyen T. M.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Sop","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Suk","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-017-9732-6","article-title":"Exercise and bone health across the lifespan","volume":"18","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbp001","article-title":"Children in an Aging Society","volume":"64B","author":"Uhlenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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