{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:36:00Z","timestamp":1793046960895,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenetic alopecia is a highly prevalent condition mainly affecting men. This complex trait is related to aging and genetics; however, multiple other factors, for example, lifestyle, are also involved. Despite its prevalence, the underlying biology of androgenetic alopecia remains elusive, and thus advances in its treatment have been hindered. Herein, we review the functional anatomy of hair follicles and the cell signaling events that play a role in follicle cycling. We also discuss the pathology of androgenetic alopecia and the known molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. Additionally, we describe studies comparing the transcriptional differences in hair follicles between balding and non-balding scalp regions. Given the genetic contribution, we also discuss the most significant risk variants found to be associated with androgenetic alopecia. A more comprehensive understanding of this pathology may be generated through using multi-omics approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T03:30:26Z","timestamp":1708572626000},"page":"2542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The Biology and Genomics of Human Hair Follicles: A Focus on Androgenetic Alopecia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4257-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Cuevas-Diaz Duran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico"},{"name":"CapilarFix<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Martinez-Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Garcia-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapilarFix<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denisse","family":"Bajo Gauzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapilarFix<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Sarro-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapilarFix<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Gonzalez-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapilarFix<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"},{"name":"NeoMedics<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Sardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapilarFix<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"},{"name":"NeoMedics<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapilarFix<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cardenas-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapilarFix<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"},{"name":"NeoMedics<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197511000-00009","article-title":"Male pattern baldness: Classification and incidence","volume":"68","author":"Norwood","year":"1975","journal-title":"South. 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