{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T20:35:43Z","timestamp":1793565343641,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MacKay Memorial Hospital","award":["MMH-110-122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMH-110-122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometrial polyps (EPs) are benign overgrowths of the endometrial tissue lining the uterus, often causing abnormal bleeding or infertility. This study analyzed gene expression differences between EPs and adjacent endometrial tissue to elucidate intrinsic abnormalities promoting pathological overgrowth. RNA sequencing of 12 pairs of EPs and the surrounding endometrial tissue from infertile women revealed 322 differentially expressed genes. Protein\u2013protein interaction network analysis revealed significant alterations in specific signaling pathways, notably Wnt signaling and vascular smooth muscle regulation, suggesting these pathways play critical roles in the pathophysiology of EPs. Wnt-related genes DKK1 and DKKL1 were upregulated, while GPC3, GREM1, RSPO3, SFRP5, and WNT10B were downregulated. Relevant genes for vascular smooth muscle contraction were nearly all downregulated in EPs, including ACTA2, ACTG2, KCNMB1, KCNMB2, MYL9, PPP1R12B, and TAGLN. Overall, the results indicate fundamental gene expression changes promote EP formation through unrestrained growth signaling and vascular defects. The intrinsic signaling abnormalities likely contribute to clinical symptoms of abnormal uterine bleeding and infertility common in EP patients. This analysis provides molecular insights into abnormal endometrial overgrowth to guide improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this troublesome women\u2019s health condition. Confirmation of expanded cohorts and further investigations into implicated regulatory relationships are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T08:34:35Z","timestamp":1708590875000},"page":"2557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Intrinsic Abnormalities in Endometrial Polyps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Christine Shan-Chi","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei 251, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Yu","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei 251, Taiwan"},{"name":"MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Beitou District, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-0434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Hua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Hsiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei 251, Taiwan"},{"name":"MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Beitou District, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (2012). 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