{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:25:59Z","timestamp":1791473159882,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program and the Medical Scientist Training Program","award":["T32 GM145408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM145408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biodistribution of a platelet-derived exosome product (PEP), previously shown to promote regeneration in the setting of wound healing, in a porcine model delivered through various approaches. Exosomes were labeled with DiR far-red lipophilic dye to track and quantify exosomes in tissue, following delivery via intravenous, pulmonary artery balloon catheter, or nebulization in sus scrofa domestic pigs. Following euthanasia, far-red dye was detected by Xenogen IVUS imaging, while exosomal protein CD63 was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Nebulization and intravenous delivery both resulted in global uptake of exosomes within the lung parenchyma. However, nebulization resulted in the greatest degree of exosome uptake. Pulmonary artery balloon catheter-guided delivery provided the further ability to localize pulmonary delivery. No off-target absorption was noted in the heart, spleen, or kidney. However, the liver demonstrated uptake primarily in nebulization-treated animals. Nebulization also resulted in uptake in the trachea, without significant absorption in the esophagus. Overall, this study demonstrated the feasibility of pulmonary delivery of exosomes using nebulization or intravenous infusion to accomplish global delivery or pulmonary artery balloon catheter-guided delivery for localized delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T06:50:23Z","timestamp":1708930223000},"page":"2642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pulmonary Biodistribution of Platelet-Derived Regenerative Exosomes in a Porcine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Skylar A.","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique S.","family":"Bagwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Schiebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2700-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler J.","family":"Rolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Mahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyra A.","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Nagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Stalboerger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atta","family":"Behfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Breakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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