{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T15:30:29Z","timestamp":1777995029832,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund via VIHREN","award":["KP-06-DV3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-DV3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main role of HLA-G is to protect the semi-allogeneic embryo from immune rejection by proper interaction with its cognate receptors on the maternal immune cells. Spontaneous abortion is the most common adverse pregnancy outcome, with an incidence rate between 10% and 15%, with immunologic dysregulation being thought to play a role in some of the cases. In this study, we aimed to detect the membrane and soluble HLA-G molecule at the maternal\u2013fetal interface (MFI) and in the serum of women experiencing missed abortion (asymptomatic early pregnancy loss) in comparison to the women experiencing normal early pregnancy. In addition, the proportion of T cells and their cytotoxic profile was evaluated. We observed no difference in the spatial expression of HLA-G at the MFI and in its serum levels between the women with missed abortions and those with normal early pregnancy. In addition, comparable numbers of peripheral blood and decidual total T and \u03b3\u03b4T cells were found. In addition, as novel data we showed that missed abortion is not associated with altered extravilous invasion into uterine blood vessels and increased cytotoxicity of \u03b3\u03b4T cells. A strong signal for HLA-G on non-migrating extravilous trophoblast in the full-term normal placental bed was detected. In conclusion, HLA-G production at the MFI or in the blood of the women could not be used as a marker for normal pregnancy or missed abortions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T06:50:23Z","timestamp":1708930223000},"page":"2643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["HLA-G Expression\/Secretion and T-Cell Cytotoxicity in Missed Abortion in Comparison to Normal Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Antonia","family":"Terzieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction \u201cAcad. Kiril Bratanov\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3939-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Alexandrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction \u201cAcad. Kiril Bratanov\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Manchorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction \u201cAcad. Kiril Bratanov\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7438-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Slavov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital \u201cMaichin Dom\u201d, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyubomir","family":"Djerov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital \u201cMaichin Dom\u201d, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8665-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya","family":"Dimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction \u201cAcad. Kiril Bratanov\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2001.460208.x","article-title":"Comparative T-cell responses during pregnancy in large animals and humans","volume":"46","author":"Meeusen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. 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