{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:25:29Z","timestamp":1789010729820,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Medical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503\/1-152-01\/503-11-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-152-01\/503-11-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pigmented purpuric dermatoses (PPD) encompass a group of chronic skin conditions characterized by the presence of petechiae, purpura, and pigmentation changes. While generally benign, these dermatoses can be persistent and aesthetically bothersome. Key clinical features include red to brownish patches with a distinctive \u201ccayenne pepper\u201d appearance, predominantly localized on the lower extremities, particularly the shins. Subtypes include Schamberg disease, Majocchi\u2019s disease, Gougerot\u2013Blum disease, Ducas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura, and lichen aureus. Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical evaluation of skin lesions, with biopsy as a confirmatory tool. Although the exact cause of PPD remains unclear, capillary fragility and red blood cell extravasation are implicated. Treatment strategies for PPD aim to alleviate symptoms, considering the generally benign and chronic nature of the condition. As there is no standardized treatment, various methods with varying efficacy are employed. After searching SCOPUS and PubMed databases, we assessed 42 original articles to present current knowledge regarding therapy of PPD. This review will compare treatment approaches specifically in Schamberg disease and other manifestations of pigmented purpuric dermatoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T06:50:23Z","timestamp":1708930223000},"page":"2644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Therapeutic Approach in Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses\u2014A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-0867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kimak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u017bebrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.25","article-title":"Schamberg\u2019s purpura in children: A review of 13 cases","volume":"48","author":"Torrelo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12519","article-title":"Pigmented purpuric dermatosis: Clinicopathologic characterization in a pediatric series","volume":"32","author":"Coulombe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"196","article-title":"Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis: A Review of the Literature","volume":"111","year":"2020","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb04419.x","article-title":"Cell infiltrate in progressive pigmented purpura (Schamberg\u2019s disease): Immunophenotype, adhesion receptors, and intercellular relationships","volume":"34","author":"Ghersetich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1991.tb01378.x","article-title":"Pigmented purpuric eruptions: Immunopathologic studies supportive of a common immunophenotype","volume":"18","author":"Smoller","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1309\/AQMU3JFE2A66LC7E","article-title":"Pigmented purpuric dermatosis: Classification by phenotypic and molecular profiles","volume":"128","author":"Magro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2006.00259.x","article-title":"Mycosis fungoides presenting as pigmented purpuric dermatitis","volume":"23","author":"Hanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00198.x","article-title":"Persistent pigmented purpuric eruption associated with mycosis fungoides: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Georgala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70246-X","article-title":"Purpura simplex (inflammatory purpura without vasculitis): A clinicopathologic study of 174 cases","volume":"25","author":"Ratnam","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02213.x","article-title":"Pigmented purpuric dermatoses: An overview","volume":"43","author":"Sardana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2015.27.4.404","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical manifestations of pigmented purpuric dermatosis","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2016.2767","article-title":"Lichen aureus: Clinicopathological features in a Chinese series","volume":"26","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"260","article-title":"Pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatitis of Gougerot-Blum","volume":"29","author":"Fishman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1996.tb02650.x","article-title":"Granulomatous pigmented purpuric dermatosis","volume":"23","author":"Saito","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20165124","article-title":"Dermatoscopic findings of pigmented purpuric dermatosis","volume":"91","author":"Ozkaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2019.91419","article-title":"Dermoscopic profile of pigmented purpuric dermatosis: New observations","volume":"36","author":"Metin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol.\/Post\u0229py Dermatol. I Alergol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spigariolo, C.B., Giacalone, S., and Nazzaro, G. (2021). Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses: A Complete Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112283"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)80161-2","article-title":"Unilateral progressive pigmentary purpura (Schamberg\u2019s disease) in a 15-year-old boy","volume":"24","author":"Hersh","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000248000","article-title":"A Case of Quadrantic Capillaropathy","volume":"180","author":"Higgins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1954.tb12597.x","article-title":"Itching purpura","volume":"66","author":"Loewenthal","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2006.00149.x","article-title":"Familial pigmented purpuric dermatoses","volume":"33","author":"Sethuraman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153794","article-title":"Angioma serpiginosum: Report of an unusual acral case and review of the literature","volume":"90","author":"Borbujo","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12742","article-title":"A new adverse drug reaction\u2014Schamberg\u2019s disease caused by amlodipine administration\u2014A case report","volume":"80","author":"Schetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"000536","article-title":"Purpura is Not Always Caused by the Anticoagulant","volume":"4","author":"Faria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"314","article-title":"Progressive pigmentary purpura related to raloxifene","volume":"26","author":"Erbagci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0541","article-title":"Onset of schamberg disease and resolution of alopecia areata during treatment of atopic dermatitis with dupilumab","volume":"31","author":"Szekely","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhaveri, D., and Zhao, F. (2022). TNF-\u03b1 inhibitor induced pigmented purpuric dermatoses: A case report. BMC Rheumatol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-022-00255-1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-1065-6","article-title":"Recurrent purpura due to alcohol-related Schamberg\u2019s disease and its association with serum immunoglobulins: A longitudinal observation of a heavy drinker","volume":"10","author":"Bonnet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5070\/D38DN240X4","article-title":"Progressive pigmentary purpura","volume":"17","author":"Brauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120605","article-title":"Chronic pigmented purpura associated with odontogenic infection","volume":"46","author":"Satoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.7371","article-title":"A case of isotretinoin-induced purpura annularis telangiectodes of majocchi and review of substance-induced pigmented purpuric dermatosis","volume":"150","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15854","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15854","article-title":"Pigmented purpuric dermatosis persistent over 20 years treated with an ozone nanobubble water oral rinse: A case study","volume":"35","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14607","article-title":"Pigmented purpuric dermatosis after BNT162B2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administration","volume":"21","author":"Atak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"205","article-title":"Schamberg\u2019s purpura: Association with persistent hepatitis B surface antigenemia and treatment with pentoxifylline","volume":"54","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1964.01590260038006","article-title":"Nonthrombocytopenic purpura due to carbromal ingestion","volume":"89","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197809000-00036","article-title":"Purpura and schamberg\u2019s disease","volume":"71","author":"Carpentieri","year":"1978","journal-title":"South Med. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555716870","article-title":"A report of two cases of pigmented purpuric dermatoses treated with PUVA therapy","volume":"71","author":"Wong","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"528","article-title":"Treatment of Schamberg\u2019s disease with advanced fluorescence technology","volume":"11","author":"Manolakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12817","article-title":"Unilateral Petechial and Pigmentary Macules in a 12-Year-Old Boy","volume":"33","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.03976.x","article-title":"Unilateral progressive pigmented capillaropathy (Schamberg\u2019s disease?) of the arm","volume":"144","author":"Filo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-9560-7-8","article-title":"Aminaphtone in the control of Schamberg\u2019s disease","volume":"7","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2008.00337.x","article-title":"A case of Schamberg\u2019s disease responding dramatically to PUVA treatment","volume":"24","author":"Seckin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.4.491","article-title":"Oral Pentoxifylline vs Topical Betamethasone in Schamberg Disease: A Comparative Randomized Investigator-Blinded Parallel-Group Trial","volume":"140","author":"Panda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62476-3","article-title":"Benefit of colchicine in the treatment of Schamberg\u2019s disease","volume":"85","author":"Geller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e14592","article-title":"Rutoside and Ascorbic Acid in the Treatment of Schamberg Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis","volume":"13","author":"Morquette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2007.00411.x","article-title":"Narrowband UVB therapy as an effective treatment for Schamberg\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Lasocki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20174898","article-title":"Schamberg\u2019s disease: Case report with therapeutic success by using colchicine","volume":"92","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12810","article-title":"Complete clearance of Schamberg disease lesions with intense pulsed light","volume":"39","author":"Demidion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"34","article-title":"Atypical presentation of schamberg\u2019s disease\u2014Diagnostic challenges | Nietypowy Obraz Choroby Schamberga\u2014Trudno\u015bci Diagnostyczne","volume":"106","author":"Jaworek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Przegl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000479922","article-title":"Successful Topical Treatment of Pigmented Purpuric Lichenoid Dermatitis of Gougerot-Blum in a Young Patient: A Case Report and Summary of the Most Common Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses","volume":"9","author":"Risikesan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06155.x","article-title":"Resolution of lichen aureus in a 10-year-old child after topical pimecrolimus","volume":"151","author":"Bonsmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2010.01080.x","article-title":"Lichen aureus responding to topical tacrolimus treatment","volume":"38","author":"Murota","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.111344","article-title":"Should pentoxifylline be regarded as an effective treatment for Schamberg\u2019s disease?","volume":"44","author":"Basak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"97","article-title":"Treatment of Schamberg\u2019s disease with pentoxifylline\u2014Therapeutic trial","volume":"18","author":"Majid","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pak. Assoc. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"73","article-title":"An open trial of pentoxifylline in schamberg\u2019s disease","volume":"66","author":"Kumrah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70032-X","article-title":"Successful treatment of Schamberg\u2019s disease with pentoxifylline","volume":"36","author":"Kano","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70103-3","article-title":"Pentoxifylline for Schamberg\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Burkhart","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"25","article-title":"Treatment of schamberg\u2019s disease with pentoxifylline\u2014Therapeutic trial","volume":"69","author":"Gandhi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"CD005262","article-title":"Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication","volume":"2020","author":"Broderick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198734010-00003","article-title":"Pentoxifylline","volume":"34","author":"Ward","year":"1987","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705088","article-title":"Inhibition by pentoxifylline of TNF-\u03b1-stimulated fractalkine production in vascular smooth muscle cells: Evidence for mediation by NF-\u03baB down-regulation","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6788","article-title":"Activation of NFkappaB is essential but not sufficient to stimulate mitogenesis of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"235","author":"Bretschneider","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.032","article-title":"Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity in patients with coronary artery disease\u2014A randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"196","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12607010","article-title":"Pentoxifylline inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha)-induced T-lymphoma cell adhesion to endothelioma cells","volume":"104","author":"Weiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000302","article-title":"Pentoxifylline ameliorates proteinuria through suppression of renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with proteinuric primary glomerular diseases","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2174\/157339908783502343","article-title":"Efficacy of Pentoxifylline in the Management of Microalbuminuria in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181cdc3e2","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of pentoxifylline are mediated via adenosine-dependent pathways","volume":"34","author":"Kreth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavarr\u00eda, A.P., V\u00e1zquez, R.R.V., Cherit, J.G.D., Bello, H.H., Suastegui, H.C., Moreno-Casta\u00f1eda, L., Alan\u00eds Estrada, G., Hern\u00e1ndez, F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Marcos, O., and Saucedo-Orozco, H. (2021). Antioxidants and pentoxifylline as coadjuvant measures to standard therapy to improve prognosis of patients with pneumonia by COVID-19. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J., 19.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.02.009"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200201000-00007","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant properties of pentoxifylline, piracetam, and vinpocetine","volume":"25","author":"Horvath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"45","article-title":"Progressive pigmented purpuric dermatosis: Effect of psoralens and ultraviolet A irradiation","volume":"32","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sb. Ved. Pr. Lek. Fak. Karlov. Univ. Hradci Kral."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0151-9638(07)89195-2","article-title":"Capillarite purpurique g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e trait\u00e9e par PUVAth\u00e9rapie chez un enfant","volume":"134","author":"Milea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.114560","article-title":"PUVA therapy in lichen aureus","volume":"45","author":"Ling","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153067","article-title":"Phototherapy as an effective treatment for Majocchi\u2019s disease\u2014Case report","volume":"90","author":"Dhali","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)80233-2","article-title":"PUVA treatment of pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatitis (Gougerot-Blum)","volume":"27","author":"Krizsa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"160","article-title":"Unilateral linear capillaritis: Two unusual Chinese cases","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2011.00588.x","article-title":"Successful treatment of generalized childhood Schamberg\u2019s disease with narrowband ultraviolet B therapy","volume":"27","author":"Can","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, P. (2013). Generalized pigmented purpuric dermatosis in a boy treated with narrow-band-ultraviolet B therapy. Pediatr. Dermatol., 30.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2012.01806.x"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03806.x","article-title":"Treatment of pigmented purpuric dermatoses with Narrow-band UVB: A report of six cases","volume":"25","author":"Fathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01624.x","article-title":"Progressive pigmented purpura (Schamberg\u2019s disease) responding to TL01 ultraviolet B therapy","volume":"29","author":"Gudi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2009.00398.x","article-title":"Narrowband UVB treatment of pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatitis (Gougerot-Blum)","volume":"25","author":"Kocaturk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12028","article-title":"Two cases of eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis responsive to narrow band ultraviolet B treatment","volume":"29","author":"Karadag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1984.tb04652.x","article-title":"Photoimmunology","volume":"40","author":"Morison","year":"1984","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.4.711","article-title":"312-nanometer Ultraviolet B Light (Narrow-Band UVB) Induces Apoptosis of T Cells within Psoriatic Lesions","volume":"189","author":"Ozawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Early treatment with rutoside and ascorbic acid is highly effective for progressive pigmented purpuric dermatosis | Die fr\u00fchzeitige Therapie der Purpura pigmentosa progressiva mit Rutosid und Ascorbins\u00e4ure ist hocheffektiv","volume":"12","author":"Schober","year":"2014","journal-title":"JDDG J. Ger. Soc. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00514.x","article-title":"Transitory pigmented purpuric dermatoses in a young Japanese female","volume":"35","author":"Abe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12850","article-title":"Venoprotective drugs in pigmented purpuric dermatoses: A case report","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"290","article-title":"The treatment of progressive pigmented purpura with ascorbic acid and a bioflavonoid rutoside","volume":"5","author":"Laufer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70050-2","article-title":"Treatment of progressive pigmented purpura with oral bioflavonoids and ascorbic acid: An open pilot study in 3 patients","volume":"41","author":"Reinhold","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12446","article-title":"Vitamin C physiology: The known and the unknown and Goldilocks","volume":"22","author":"Padayatty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90292-5","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant vitamins: Mechanisms of action","volume":"97","author":"Frei","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01434.x","article-title":"Purpura annularis telangiectoides with vasculitic ulcers treated with colchicine","volume":"41","author":"Pandhi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb08650.x","article-title":"Successful treatment of pigmented purpuric dermatosis with griseoiulvin","volume":"132","author":"Tamaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gotelli, E., Soldano, S., Hysa, E., Pacini, G., Pizzorni, C., Paolino, S., Cutolo, M., and Sulli, A. (2023). A Systematic Review of Aminaphtone from Pathophysiology to Clinical Applications: Focus on New Rheumatological Acquisitions. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040569"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1999.tb03486.x","article-title":"Unilateral Schamberg disease in a 14-year-old Japanese boy","volume":"26","author":"Nagata","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tranilast: A potential anti-Inflammatory and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor drug for COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Nashibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04160.x","article-title":"Purpura annularis telangiectodes of Majocchi: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"48","author":"Hoesly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07865.x","article-title":"Purpura pigmentosa chronica successfully treated with oral cyclosporin A","volume":"134","author":"Okada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2010.01822.x","article-title":"The successful treatment of Schamberg\u2019s disease with the 595 nm vascular laser","volume":"37","author":"Rajpara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13067","article-title":"A case of lichen aureus successfully treated with 595 nm wavelength pulsed-dye laser","volume":"19","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2166","article-title":"Treatment of segmental lichen aureus with a pulsed-dye laser: New treatment options for lichen aureus","volume":"23","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2017.1418513","article-title":"Successful treatment of Schamberg\u2019s disease with fractional non-ablative 1540 nm erbium: Glass laser","volume":"20","author":"Hilerowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000228327","article-title":"Treatment of pigmented purpuric dermatosis with topical photodynamic therapy","volume":"219","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16397","article-title":"Pigmented purpuric dermatosis in children: A retrospective cohort with emphasis on treatment and outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Ollech","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/5\/2644\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:04:14Z","timestamp":1760105054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/5\/2644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25052644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25052644","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]}}}