{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T02:05:04Z","timestamp":1793757904449,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1048536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1048536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI17C0658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI17C0658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1048536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1048536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI17C0658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI17C0658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by swelling in at least one joint. Owing to an overactive immune response, extra-articular manifestations are observed in certain cases, with interstitial lung disease (ILD) being the most common. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the interstitial space, which causes fibrosis and the scarring of lung tissue. Controlling inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in RA-ILD is important because they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Pirfenidone and nintedanib are specific drugs against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and showed efficacy against RA-ILD in several clinical trials. Immunosuppressants and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with anti-fibrotic effects have also been used to treat RA-ILD. Immunosuppressants moderate the overexpression of cytokines and immune cells to reduce pulmonary damage and slow the progression of fibrosis. DMARDs with mild anti-fibrotic effects target specific fibrotic pathways to regulate fibrogenic cellular activity, extracellular matrix homeostasis, and oxidative stress levels. Therefore, specific medications are required to effectively treat RA-ILD. In this review, the commonly used RA-ILD treatments are discussed based on their molecular mechanisms and clinical trial results. In addition, a computational approach is proposed to develop specific drugs for RA-ILD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T07:51:39Z","timestamp":1708933899000},"page":"2682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Potential Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Treatment and Computational Approach for Future Drug Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7708-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunji","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0232-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunseok","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8007-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon-Ah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"East-West Bone & Joint Disease Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759720X2210744","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X221074457","article-title":"The role of antifibrotics in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis\u2013associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. 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