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Investigations into its developmental toxicity and effects on disease susceptibility are not comprehensive. Our present study examined the effects of embryonic amoxicillin exposure on liver development and function, especially the effects on susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) using zebrafish as an animal model. We discovered that embryonic amoxicillin exposure did not compromise liver development, nor did it induce liver toxicity. However, co-treatment of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid diminished BESP expression, caused bile stasis and induced liver toxicity. Embryonic amoxicillin exposure resulted in elevated expression of lipid synthesis genes and exacerbated hepatic steatosis in a fructose-induced NAFLD model, indicating embryonic amoxicillin exposure increased susceptibility to NAFLD in zebrafish larvae. In summary, this research broadens our understanding of the risks of amoxicillin usage during pregnancy and provides evidence for the impact of embryonic amoxicillin exposure on disease susceptibility in offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T11:52:55Z","timestamp":1709034775000},"page":"2744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Embryonic Amoxicillin Exposure Has Limited Impact on Liver Development but Increases Susceptibility to NAFLD in Zebrafish Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieling","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420460108","article-title":"Fetal dexamethasone exposure alters macromolecular characteristics of rat brain development: A critical period for regionally selective alterations?","volume":"46","author":"Carlos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.03.008","article-title":"Glucocorticoids as Mediators of Adverse Outcomes of Prenatal Stress","volume":"43","author":"Krontira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental and individual exposure and the risk of congenital anomalies: A review of recent epidemiological evidence","volume":"42","author":"Baldacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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