{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:39:54Z","timestamp":1787243994596,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1R21NS116710-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21NS116710-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["HU00012020063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU00012020063"]}]},{"name":"Defense Medical Research Development Program","award":["1R21NS116710-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21NS116710-01"]}]},{"name":"Defense Medical Research Development Program","award":["HU00012020063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU00012020063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an injury to the brain by external forces which can lead to cellular damage and the disruption of normal central nervous system functions. The recently approved blood-based biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 can only detect injuries which are detectable on CT, and are not sensitive enough to diagnose milder injuries or concussion. Exosomes are small microvesicles which are released from the cell as a part of extracellular communication in normal as well as diseased states. The objective of this study was to identify the messenger RNA content of the exosomes released by injured neurons to identify new potential blood-based biomarkers for TBI. Human severe traumatic brain injury samples were used for this study. RNA was isolated from neuronal exosomes and total transcriptomic sequencing was performed. RNA sequencing data from neuronal exosomes isolated from serum showed mRNA transcripts of several neuronal genes. In particular, mRNAs of several olfactory receptor genes were present at elevated concentrations in the neuronal exosomes. Some of these genes were OR10A6, OR14A2, OR6F1, OR1B1, and OR1L1. RNA sequencing data from exosomes isolated from CSF showed a similar elevation of these olfactory receptors. We further validated the expression of these samples in serum samples of mild TBI patients, and a similar up-regulation of these olfactory receptors was observed. The data from these experiments suggest that damage to the neurons in the olfactory neuroepithelium as well as in the brain following a TBI may cause the release of mRNA from these receptors in the exosomes. Hence, olfactory receptors can be further explored as biomarkers for the diagnosis of TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1709091477000},"page":"2777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transcriptomic Signatures of Neuronally Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reveal the Presence of Olfactory Receptors in Clinical Samples from Traumatic Brain Injury Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2808-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish","family":"Bhomia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanru","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piper","family":"Deleon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia S.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5008-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firas","family":"Kobeissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Knollmann-Ritschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Georges, A., and Das, J.M. 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