{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:58:40Z","timestamp":1775869120292,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PSC-CUNY","award":["66061-00 54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66061-00 54"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondria are commonly perceived as \u201ccellular power plants\u201d. Intriguingly, power conversion is not their only function. In the first part of this paper, we review the role of mitochondria in the evolution of eukaryotic organisms and in the regulation of the human body, specifically focusing on cancer and autism in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction. In the second part, we overview our previous works, revealing the physical principles of operation for proton-pumping complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Our proposed simple models reveal the physical mechanisms of energy exchange. They can be further expanded to answer open questions about mitochondrial functions and the medical treatment of diseases associated with mitochondrial disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T05:59:19Z","timestamp":1709186359000},"page":"2835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mitochondria at the Nanoscale: Physics Meets Biology\u2014What Does It Mean for Medicine?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lev","family":"Mourokh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Queens College, The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, New York, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Queens College, The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, New York, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0757-131","article-title":"Powerhouse of the cell","volume":"197","author":"Siekevitz","year":"1957","journal-title":"Sci. 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