{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T20:53:27Z","timestamp":1788900807560,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of metabolic disorders that concurrently act as factors promoting systemic pathologies such as atherosclerosis or diabetes mellitus. It is now believed to encompass six main interacting conditions: visceral fat, imbalance of lipids (dyslipidemia), hypertension, insulin resistance (with or without impairing both glucose tolerance and fasting blood sugar), and inflammation. In the last 10 years, there has been a progressive interest through scientific research investigations conducted in the field of metabolomics, confirming a trend to evaluate the role of the metabolome, particularly the intestinal one. The intestinal microbiota (IM) is crucial due to the diversity of microorganisms and their abundance. Consequently, IM dysbiosis and its derivate toxic metabolites have been correlated with MetS. By intervening in these two factors (dysbiosis and consequently the metabolome), we can potentially prevent or slow down the clinical effects of the MetS process. This, in turn, may mitigate dysregulations of intestinal microbiota axes, such as the lung axis, thereby potentially alleviating the negative impact on respiratory pathology, such as the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the biomolecular mechanisms through which the IM influences the host\u2019s metabolism via a dysbiosis metabolome in both normal and pathological conditions are still unclear. In this study, we seek to provide a description of the knowledge to date of the IM and its metabolome and the factors that influence it. Furthermore, we analyze the interactions between the functions of the IM and the pathophysiology of major metabolic diseases via local and systemic metabolome\u2019s relate endotoxemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T06:07:53Z","timestamp":1709273273000},"page":"2841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Biomolecular Actions by Intestinal Endotoxemia in Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3527-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis Alexandros","family":"Charitos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, \u201cIstitute\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Aliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, \u201cIstitute\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Tondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Venneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, \u201cIstitute\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Castellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, \u201cIstitute\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2667-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Scioscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4555-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Castellaneta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Bari (Aldo Moro), 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Lacedonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Carone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, \u201cIstitute\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125312464385","article-title":"The prevalence and mechanisms of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: A review","volume":"3","author":"Papanastasiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. 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