{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:50:44Z","timestamp":1760143844038,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010215","name":"Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft e.V.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP-0452-2023","209933838","82DZD00602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP-0452-2023","209933838","82DZD00602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010215","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP-0452-2023","209933838","82DZD00602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP-0452-2023","209933838","82DZD00602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Diabetesforschung","award":["FP-0452-2023","209933838","82DZD00602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP-0452-2023","209933838","82DZD00602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the emergence of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in 2019, it has been crucial to investigate the causes of severe cases, particularly the higher rates of hospitalization and mortality in individuals with obesity. Previous findings suggest that adipocytes may play a role in adverse COVID-19 outcomes in people with obesity. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination and infection on adipose tissue (AT) is currently unclear. We therefore analyzed 27 paired biopsies of visceral and subcutaneous AT from donors of the Leipzig Obesity BioBank that have been categorized into three groups (1: no infection\/no vaccination; 2: no infection but vaccinated; 3: infected and vaccinated) based on COVID-19 antibodies to spike (indicating vaccination) and\/or nucleocapsid proteins. We provide additional insights into the impact of COVID-19 on AT biology through a comprehensive histological transcriptome and serum proteome analysis. This study demonstrates that COVID-19 infection is associated with smaller average adipocyte size. The impact of infection on gene expression was significantly more pronounced in subcutaneous than in visceral AT and mainly due to immune system-related processes. Serum proteome analysis revealed the effects of the infection on circulating adiponectin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and carbonic anhydrase 5A (CA5A), which are all related to obesity and blood glucose abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T05:31:12Z","timestamp":1709530272000},"page":"2908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Consequences of COVID-19 on Adipose Tissue Signatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1525-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sontje","family":"Krupka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3258-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariami","family":"Jasaszwili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department III\u2014Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Visceral, Transplantation and Thorax and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9204-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Guiu-Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department III\u2014Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7625-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Kl\u00f6ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Bl\u00fcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Department III\u2014Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.09.009","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in Acute COVID-19 Is Characterized by Insulin Resistance and Adipose Tissue Infectivity by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"33","author":"Reiterer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.002","article-title":"Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Adipose Tissue Determines Organ and Systemic Lipid Metabolism in Hamsters and Humans","volume":"34","author":"Zickler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154262","article-title":"Severe Obesity, Increasing Age and Male Sex Are Independently Associated with Worse in-Hospital Outcomes, and Higher in-Hospital Mortality, in a Cohort of Patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York","volume":"108","author":"Palaiodimos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2011686","article-title":"Hospitalization and Mortality among Black Patients and White Patients with COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Burton","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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