{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:56:47Z","timestamp":1792198607623,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke is associated with a high mortality rate, and effective treatment strategies are currently lacking. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel nano delivery system to treat ischemic stroke via intranasal administration. A three-factor Box\u2013Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the formulation of liposomes co-loaded with Panax notoginseng saponins (PNSs) and Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) (Lip-Rg3\/PNS). Macrophage membranes were coated onto the surface of the optimized liposomes to target the ischemic site of the brain. The double-loaded liposomes disguised by macrophage membranes (MM-Lip-Rg3\/PNS) were spherical, in a \u201cshell\u2013core\u201d structure, with encapsulation rates of 81.41% (PNS) and 93.81% (Rg3), and showed good stability. In vitro, MM-Lip-Rg3\/PNS was taken up by brain endothelial cells via the clathrin-dependent endocytosis and micropinocytosis pathways. Network pharmacology experiments predicted that MM-Lip-Rg3\/PNS could regulate multiple signaling pathways and treat ischemic stroke by reducing apoptosis and inflammatory responses. After 14 days of treatment with MM-Lip-Rg3\/PNS, the survival rate, weight, and neurological score of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats significantly improved. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) and TUNEL staining results showed that MM-Lip-Rg3\/PNS can reduce neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory cell infiltration and protect the ischemic brain. In vivo biological experiments have shown that free Rg3, PNS, and MM-Lip-Rg3\/PNS can alleviate inflammation and apoptosis, especially MM-Lip-Rg3\/PNS, indicating that biomimetic liposomes can improve the therapeutic effects of drugs. Overall, MM-Lip-Rg3\/PNS is a potential biomimetic nano targeted formulation for ischemic stroke therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T05:31:12Z","timestamp":1709530272000},"page":"2927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Optimization Design of Macrophage Membrane Camouflaging Liposomes for Alleviating Ischemic Stroke Injury through Intranasal Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tianshu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengfan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naijin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiying","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczuko, M., Koziol, I., Kotlega, D., Brodowski, J., and Drozd, A. 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