{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:16:47Z","timestamp":1791415007998,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Resource (ONR) Undersea Medicine Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-23-1-2757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-23-1-2757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen\/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O2 availability. This review explores the oxidative stress mechanisms and related inflammation status (Oxy-Inflammation) in underwater activities such as breath-hold (BH) diving, Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) diving, and saturation diving. Divers are exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, amplified by environmental conditions, hyperbaric pressure, cold water, different types of breathing gases, and air\/non-air mixtures. The \u201cdiving response\u201d, including physiological adaptation, cardiovascular stress, increased arterial blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction, altered blood gas values, and risk of bubble formation during decompression, are reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T08:43:14Z","timestamp":1709714594000},"page":"3060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Vezzoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20142 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mrakic-Sposta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20142 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Brizzolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6771-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costantino","family":"Balestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Motor Sciences Department, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3548-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico Maria","family":"Camporesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEAM Health Anaesthesia, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7164.996","article-title":"ABC of Oxygen. 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