{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:49:34Z","timestamp":1790300974744,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney stone disease (KSD) is one of the most common urological diseases. The incidence of kidney stones has increased dramatically in the last few decades. Kidney stones are mineral deposits in the calyces or the pelvis, free or attached to the renal papillae. They contain crystals and organic components, and they are made when urine is supersaturated with minerals. Calcium-containing stones are the most common, with calcium oxalate as the main component of most stones. However, many of these form on a calcium phosphate matrix called Randall\u2019s plaque, which is found on the surface of the kidney papilla. The etiology is multifactorial, and the recurrence rate is as high as 50% within 5 years after the first stone onset. There is a great need for recurrence prevention that requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in stone formation to facilitate the development of more effective drugs. This review aims to understand the pathophysiology and the main molecular mechanisms known to date to prevent recurrences, which requires behavioral and nutritional interventions, as well as pharmacological treatments that are specific to the type of stone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1709785142000},"page":"3075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Pathophysiology and Main Molecular Mechanisms of Urinary Stone Formation and Recurrence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Flavia","family":"Tamborino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Cicchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mascitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Litterio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Basconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"De Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9250-7858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1702-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Marchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Schips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.05.063","article-title":"Nephrolithiasis and Elevated Urinary Ammonium: A Matched Comparative Study","volume":"144","author":"Sui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.Y., Yoo, D.M., Bang, W.J., and Choi, H.G. 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