{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:50:05Z","timestamp":1791726605511,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["SP 1555\/2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP 1555\/2-3"]}]},{"name":"Bielefeld University","award":["SP 1555\/2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP 1555\/2-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel technologies such as single-cell RNA and single-nucleus RNA sequencing have shed new light on the complexity of different microglia populations in physiological and pathological states. The transcriptomic profiling of these populations has led to the subclassification of specific disease-associated microglia and microglia clusters in neurodegenerative diseases. A common profile includes the downregulation of homeostasis and the upregulation of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, there is concordance in few clusters between murine and human samples. Apolipoprotein E, which has long been considered a high-risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease, is strongly regulated in both these murine and human clusters. Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 plays an essential role during the development and maturation of microglia. In a pathological state, it attenuates their activation and is involved in numerous cell regulatory processes. Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 also has an influence on the deposition of amyloid-beta, as it is involved in the regulation of key proteins and molecules. Taken together, this review highlights the complex interaction of apolipoprotein E, the triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2, and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 as part of a regulatory axis in microglia at the onset and over the course of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T08:59:37Z","timestamp":1709801977000},"page":"3090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Microglial Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Natascha","family":"Vidovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Spittau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.75.101304.123901","article-title":"Protein Misfolding, Functional Amyloid, and Human Disease","volume":"75","author":"Chiti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. 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