{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T07:02:15Z","timestamp":1776495735085,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Research Fund (GRF) from the Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong SAR, China","award":["15103522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15103522"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund (GRF) from the Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong SAR, China","award":["ITC InnoHK CEVR Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITC InnoHK CEVR Project"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund (GRF) from the Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong SAR, China","award":["P0039595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0039595"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Technology Commission of the HKSAR Government","award":["15103522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15103522"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Technology Commission of the HKSAR Government","award":["ITC InnoHK CEVR Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITC InnoHK CEVR Project"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Technology Commission of the HKSAR Government","award":["P0039595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0039595"]}]},{"name":"PolyU Research Center for Sharp Vision","award":["15103522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15103522"]}]},{"name":"PolyU Research Center for Sharp Vision","award":["ITC InnoHK CEVR Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITC InnoHK CEVR Project"]}]},{"name":"PolyU Research Center for Sharp Vision","award":["P0039595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0039595"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare, disabling inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of NMOSD. In addition to immune factors, T cells recognizing the AQP4 epitope showed cross-reactivity with homologous peptide sequences in C. perfringens proteins, suggesting that the gut microbiota plays an integral role in the pathogenicity of NMOSD. In this review, we summarize research on the involvement of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of NMOSD and its possible pathogenic mechanisms. Among them, Clostridium perfringens and Streptococcus have been confirmed to play a role by multiple studies. Based on this evidence, metabolites produced by gut microbes, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan (Trp), and bile acid (BA) metabolites, have also been found to affect immune cell metabolism. Therefore, the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of NMOSD is very important. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota can lead to pathological changes and alter the formation of microbiota-derived components and metabolites. It can serve as a biomarker for disease onset and progression and as a potential disease-modifying therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1710137130000},"page":"3179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3480-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-Qi","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiayin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling-Ping","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9997-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoying","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Center for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz054","article-title":"Outcome prediction models in AQP4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"142","author":"Palace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain J. 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