{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:15:42Z","timestamp":1787681742461,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease is primarily driven by B-cell activation and is associated with a high risk of developing non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (NHL). Over the last few decades, microRNA-155 (miR-155) has arisen as a key regulator of B-cells. Nevertheless, its role in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease remains elusive. Thus, the purpose of this study was (i) to explore miR-155, B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-receptor (BAFF-R), and Interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) expression in the labial salivary glands (LSG) of patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease, aiming to identify potential B-cell activation biomarkers related to NHL development. Twenty-four patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease, and with available tissue blocks from a LSG biopsy performed at diagnosis, were enrolled. Among them, five patients developed B-cell NHL during follow-up (7.3 \u00b1 3.1 years). A comparison group of 20 individuals with sicca disease was included. Clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded and the LSG biopsies were evaluated to assess local inflammation in terms of miR-155\/BAFF-R and IL-6R expression. Stratifying the primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease cohort according to lymphomagenesis, miR-155 was upregulated in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease patients who experienced NHL, more so than those who did not experience NHL. Moreover, miR-155 expression correlated with the focus score (FS), as well as BAFF-R and IL-6R expression, which were increased in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease patients and in turn related to neoplastic evolution. In conclusion, epigenetic modulation may play a crucial role in the aberrant activation of B-cells in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease, profoundly impacting the risk of NHL development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T13:08:43Z","timestamp":1710335323000},"page":"3259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["B-Cell Activation Biomarkers in Salivary Glands Are Related to Lymphomagenesis in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Monocentric Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6647-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Tolusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Core Facility, Gemelli Science and Technology Park, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6626-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Lugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rare Disease Unit, Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Di Mario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Core Facility, Gemelli Science and Technology Park, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Petricca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Division, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6918-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Perniola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4048-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Benvenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Ferraccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7383-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Alivernini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Core Facility, Gemelli Science and Technology Park, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Rheumatology Division, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2248-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Gremese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Immunology Core Facility, Gemelli Science and Technology Park, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2019.89520","article-title":"Classification criteria for secondary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Sebastian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. State Knowl. Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Carsons, S.E., and Patel, B.C. (2023). 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