{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:35:32Z","timestamp":1792071332365,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016928","name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Recursos Fiscales 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Recursos Fiscales 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term effects of environmental pollution have been of concern as several pollutants are carcinogenic, potentially inducing a variety of cancers, including childhood cancer, which is a leading cause of death around the world and, thus, is a public health issue. The present scoping review aimed to update and summarize the available literature to detect specific environmental pollutants and their association with certain types of childhood cancer. Studies published from 2013 to 2023 regarding environmental pollution and childhood cancer were retrieved from the PubMed database. A total of 174 studies were eligible for this review and were analyzed. Our search strategy brought up most of the articles that evaluated air pollution (29%) and pesticides (28%). Indoor exposure to chemicals (11%), alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy (16%), electromagnetic fields (12%), and radon (4%) were the subjects of less research. We found a particularly high percentage of positive associations between prenatal and postnatal exposure to indoor (84%) and outdoor (79%) air pollution, as well as to pesticides (82%), and childhood cancer. Positive associations were found between leukemia and pesticides and air pollution (33% and 27%); CNS tumors and neuroblastoma and pesticides (53% and 43%); and Wilms tumor and other rare cancers were found in association with air pollution (50%). Indoor air pollution was mostly reported in studies assessing several types of cancer (26%). Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the potential associations between indoor\/outdoor air pollution and pesticide exposure with childhood cancer risk as more preventable measures could be taken.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T05:43:08Z","timestamp":1710394988000},"page":"3284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Environmental Pollution and Risk of Childhood Cancer: A Scoping Review of Evidence from the Last Decade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-4101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Pilar","family":"Navarrete-Meneses","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y C\u00e1ncer, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3301-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo","family":"Salas-Labad\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y C\u00e1ncer, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"G\u00f3mez-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional\u2014ENMyH, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5662-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y C\u00e1ncer, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","article-title":"Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Manisalidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"46","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors for Childhood Cancer in an Era of Global Climate Change: A Scoping Review","volume":"36","author":"Buser","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care Off. Publ. Natl. Assoc. Pediatr. Nurse Assoc. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cazzolla Gatti, R. (2021). Why We Will Continue to Lose Our Battle with Cancers If We Do Not Stop Their Triggers from Environmental Pollution. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116107"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). Childhood Cancer Inequalities in the WHO European Region. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/publications\/i\/item\/9789289057615."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"PAHO WHO|Pan American Health Organization (2023, October 30). Childhood and Adolescence Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/topics\/childhood-and-adolescence-cancer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.06.044","article-title":"Transplacental exposure to environmental carcinogens: Association with childhood cancer risks and the role of modulating factors","volume":"72","author":"Fucic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805757","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.805757","article-title":"Risk Factors for Childhood Leukemia: Radiation and Beyond","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0015-6","article-title":"A causal mechanism for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","volume":"18","author":"Greaves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). Risk Factors and Causes of Childhood Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/cancer-in-children\/risk-factors-and-causes.html."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1900550","article-title":"Maternal pesticide exposure and its relation to childhood cancer: An umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"32","author":"Iqbal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23682-z","article-title":"Outdoor artificial light at night, air pollution, and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the California Linkage Study of Early-Onset Cancers","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-01009-0","article-title":"Residential proximity to petrol stations and risk of childhood leukemia","volume":"38","author":"Malavolti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107380","article-title":"Childhood cancer and traffic-related air pollution in Switzerland: A nationwide census-based cohort study","volume":"166","author":"Kreis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112418","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to particulate matter and childhood cancer: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"205","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01767-y","article-title":"Childhood cancer and residential proximity to petrol stations: A nationwide registry-based case-control study in Switzerland and an updated meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Mazzei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-01030-w","article-title":"Cadmium [Cd] and Lead [Pb] topsoil levels and incidence of childhood leukemias","volume":"44","author":"Asenjo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onyije, F.M., Hosseini, B., Togawa, K., Sch\u00fcz, J., and Olsson, A. (2021). Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Petroleum Industry Workers and Residents Living in Oil Producing Communities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084343"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101859","article-title":"Residential traffic exposure and lymphohematopoietic malignancies among children in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: An ecological study","volume":"70","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106135","article-title":"Ambient ultrafine particle concentrations and incidence of childhood cancers","volume":"145","author":"Lavigne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hvidtfeldt, U.A., Erdmann, F., Urhoj, S.K., Brandt, J., Geels, C., Ketzel, M., Frohn, L.M., Christensen, J.H., S\u00f8rensen, M., and Raaschou-Nielsen, O. (2020). Residential Exposure to PM2.5 Components and Risk of Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Denmark: A Nationwide Register-Based Case-Control Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238949"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105847","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust in relation to childhood leukaemia and central nervous system cancers: A register-based nested case-control study in Denmark 1968\u20132016","volume":"76","author":"Volk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peckham-Gregory, E.C., Ton, M., Rabin, K.R., Danysh, H.E., Scheurer, M.E., and Lupo, P.J. (2019). Maternal Residential Proximity to Major Roadways and the Risk of Childhood Acute Leukemia: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Texas, 1995\u20132011. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16112029"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-019-0176-x","article-title":"Methodological approaches to the study of cancer risk in the vicinity of pollution sources: The experience of a population-based case-control study of childhood cancer","volume":"18","author":"Ramis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001413","article-title":"A Meta-analysis of Traffic-related Air Pollution and Risk of Childhood Leukemia","volume":"41","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4381","article-title":"Association between Outdoor Air Pollution and Childhood Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"127","author":"Filippini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.219","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of childhood cancers: A population-based study in Tehran, Iran","volume":"646","author":"Seifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001609","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Air Toxics and Malignant Germ Cell Tumors in Young Children","volume":"61","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"76","article-title":"Cancer incidence in children and young adults living in industrially contaminated sites: From the Italian experience to the development of an international surveillance system","volume":"42","author":"Iavarone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Prev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0295-3","article-title":"Maternal exposure to gasoline and exhaust increases the risk of childhood leukaemia in offspring\u2014A prospective study in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"119","author":"Kirkeleit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S.V., Lupo, P.J., Pompeii, L.A., and Danysh, H.E. (2018). Maternal Residential Proximity to Major Roadways and Pediatric Embryonal Tumors in Offspring. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030505"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.03.009","article-title":"Childhood cancer in small geographical areas and proximity to air-polluting industries","volume":"156","author":"Sotomayor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.015","article-title":"Benzene and childhood acute leukemia in Oklahoma","volume":"158","author":"Janitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramis, R., Tamayo-Uria, I., G\u00f3mez-Barroso, D., L\u00f3pez-Abente, G., Morales-Piga, A., Pardo Romaguera, E., Aragones, N., and Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, J. (2017). Risk factors for central nervous system tumors in children: New findings from a case-control study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171881"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.01.004","article-title":"Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of early childhood cancers: A population-based study in Ontario, Canada","volume":"100","author":"Lavigne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.022","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to benzene and the risk of childhood cancer: A census-based cohort study","volume":"108","author":"Spycher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.131","article-title":"Risk of bone tumors in children and residential proximity to industrial and urban areas: New findings from a case-control study","volume":"579","author":"Ramis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2017.1","article-title":"Maternal and paternal occupational exposures and hepatoblastoma: Results from the HOPE study through the Children\u2019s Oncology Group","volume":"27","author":"Janitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.036","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and childhood acute leukemia in Oklahoma","volume":"148","author":"Janitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.01.012","article-title":"Maternal residential proximity to major roadways at delivery and childhood central nervous system tumors","volume":"146","author":"Danysh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408582","article-title":"In Utero and Early-Life Exposure to Ambient Air Toxics and Childhood Brain Tumors: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in California, USA","volume":"124","author":"Heck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"70","article-title":"Air toxics and early childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia in Texas, a population based case control study","volume":"15","author":"Symanski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2017.02.001","article-title":"Road Traffic Pollution and Childhood Leukemia: A Nationwide Case-control Study in Italy","volume":"47","author":"Magnani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.036","article-title":"Association between residential proximity to environmental pollution sources and childhood renal tumors","volume":"147","author":"Romaguera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.08.001","article-title":"Residential proximity to environmental pollution sources and risk of rare tumors in children","volume":"151","author":"Ramis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"269","article-title":"Risk of neuroblastoma and residential proximity to industrial and urban sites: A case-control study","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Ramis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv120","article-title":"Parental, In Utero, and Early-Life Exposure to Benzene and the Risk of Childhood Leukemia: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2015.1002999","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of outdoor air pollution and risk of childhood leukemia","volume":"33","author":"Filippini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0091-9","article-title":"Childhood cancer and residential exposure to highways: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Spycher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"102","article-title":"Increased incidence of childhood leukemia in urban areas: A population-based case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Malagoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Prev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.84","article-title":"Retinoblastoma and ambient exposure to air toxics in the perinatal period","volume":"25","author":"Heck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv111","article-title":"Residential Proximity to Heavy-Traffic Roads, Benzene Exposure, and Childhood Leukemia-The GEOCAP Study, 2002\u20132007","volume":"182","author":"Houot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25268","article-title":"Vehicle refuelling, use of domestic wood heaters and the risk of childhood brain tumours: Results from an Australian case-control study","volume":"62","author":"Greenop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.05.014","article-title":"Childhood leukemia and residential proximity to industrial and urban sites","volume":"140","author":"Romaguera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., Li, Z., Zhu, J., Bi, Y., Bai, Y., and Wang, H. (2014). Maternal benzene exposure during pregnancy and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110466"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000167","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to air toxics and risk of Wilms tumor in 0- to 5-year-old children","volume":"56","author":"Shrestha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.11.004","article-title":"Residential traffic exposure and childhood leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Boothe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.12.003","article-title":"Risk of leukemia in relation to exposure to ambient air toxics in pregnancy and early childhood","volume":"217","author":"Heck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101604","article-title":"Air pollution and childhood leukaemia: A nationwide case-control study in Italy","volume":"70","author":"Badaloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306761","article-title":"Childhood cancer and traffic-related air pollution exposure in pregnancy and early life","volume":"121","author":"Heck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt129","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of early childhood cancers","volume":"178","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27972","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to engine exhausts and childhood brain tumors","volume":"132","author":"Peters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.09.002","article-title":"An exploratory study of ambient air toxics exposure in pregnancy and the risk of neuroblastoma in offspring","volume":"127","author":"Heck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107777","article-title":"Glyphosate in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California","volume":"172","author":"Ward","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146976","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides may induce leukemia by methylation of CDKN2B and MGMT promoters and histone modifications","volume":"851","author":"Rafeeinia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113820","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides in mothers and fathers and risk of cancer in the offspring: A register-based case-control study from Sweden [1960\u20132015]","volume":"214","author":"Rossides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114025","article-title":"Prenatal ambient pesticide exposure and childhood retinoblastoma","volume":"245","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2021.103790","article-title":"Pre-conceptional and prenatal exposure to pesticides and pediatric neuroblastoma. A meta-analysis of nine studies","volume":"90","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"248","article-title":"Parental occupational and environmental risk factors for childhood bone cancer in Mansoura oncology center: A case control study","volume":"34","author":"Khashaba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9603271221136211","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271221136211","article-title":"Exposure to pesticides and pediatric Wilms\u2019 tumor. A meta-analysis on pre-conception and pregnancy parental exposure with an IARC\/WHO commentary","volume":"41","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"103","article-title":"Residential proximity to croplands at birth and childhood leukaemia","volume":"21","author":"Bamouni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107409","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to combustion products, metals, silica and asbestos and risk of childhood leukaemia: Findings from the Childhood Cancer and Leukaemia International Consortium [CLIC]","volume":"167","author":"Onyije","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feulefack, J., Khan, A., Forastiere, F., and Sergi, C.M. (2021). Parental Pesticide Exposure and Childhood Brain Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Confirming the IARC\/WHO Monographs on Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121096"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113446","article-title":"Commercial outdoor plant nurseries as a confounder for electromagnetic fields and childhood leukemia risk","volume":"212","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111501","article-title":"Residential exposure to carbamate, organophosphate, and pyrethroid insecticides in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"201","author":"Madrigal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coste, A., Bailey, H.D., Kartal-Kaess, M., Renella, R., Berthet, A., and Spycher, B.D. (2020). Parental occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood cancer in Switzerland: A census-based cohort study. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07319-w"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32388","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to pesticides, animals and organic dust and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system tumors: Findings from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium [I4C]","volume":"146","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113486","article-title":"Prenatal pesticide exposure and childhood leukemia\u2014A California statewide case-control study","volume":"226","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101797","article-title":"Maternal exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood lymphoma in France: A pooled analysis of the ESCALE and ESTELLE studies [SFCE]","volume":"68","author":"Mavoungou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101706","article-title":"Environmental exposures related to parental habits in the perinatal period and the risk of Wilms\u2019 tumor in children","volume":"66","author":"Rios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109517","article-title":"Agricultural crop density in the municipalities of France and incidence of childhood leukemia: An ecological study","volume":"187","author":"Coste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105955","article-title":"Residential proximity to agriculture and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system tumors in the Danish national birth cohort","volume":"143","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.08.004","article-title":"Household exposure to pesticides and risk of leukemia in children and adolescents: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"222","author":"Lison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0469-7","article-title":"Case-control study of paternal occupational exposures and childhood lymphoma in Great Britain, 1962\u20132010","volume":"120","author":"Bunch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.01.017","article-title":"Perinatal and early life risk factors for childhood brain tumors: Is instrument-assisted delivery associated with higher risk?","volume":"59","author":"Georgakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31522","article-title":"Maternal residential pesticide use and risk of childhood leukemia in Costa Rica","volume":"143","author":"Hyland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e207","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001105","article-title":"Maternal Exposure to Pesticides, Paternal Occupation in the Army\/Police Force, and CYP2D6*4 Polymorphism in the Etiology of Childhood Acute Leukemia","volume":"40","author":"Ferri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31073","article-title":"Maternal residential pesticide use during pregnancy and risk of malignant childhood brain tumors: A pooled analysis of the ESCALE and ESTELLE studies [SFCE]","volume":"142","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2018.1439449","article-title":"Exposure to permethrin and cancer risk: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Boffetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.05.018","article-title":"Residential exposure to pesticides as risk factor for childhood and young adult brain tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Lison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.03.001","article-title":"A task-based assessment of parental occupational exposure to pesticides and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"156","author":"Gunier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"158","article-title":"A Significant Breakthrough in the Incidence of Childhood Cancers and Evaluation of its Risk Factors in Southern Iran","volume":"38","author":"Eerjaee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Paediatr. Oncol. Off. J. Indian Soc. Med. Paediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0944-5","article-title":"Maternal use of household pesticides during pregnancy and risk of neuroblastoma in offspring. A pooled analysis of the ESTELLE and ESCALE French studies [SFCE]","volume":"28","author":"Rios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.01.016","article-title":"Residential Pesticide Exposures in Pregnancy and the Risk of Sporadic Retinoblastoma: A Report From the Children\u2019s Oncology Group","volume":"176","author":"Omidakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000852","article-title":"Risk of Central Nervous System Tumors in Children Related to Parental Occupational Pesticide Exposures in three European Case-Control Studies","volume":"58","author":"Febvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-016-0047-7","article-title":"Agricultural crop exposure and risk of childhood cancer: New findings from a case-control study in Spain","volume":"15","author":"Ramis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.015","article-title":"Passive exposure to agricultural pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia in an Italian community","volume":"219","author":"Malagoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.08.066","article-title":"Exposure to pyrethroid pesticides and the risk of childhood brain tumors in East China","volume":"218","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0006","article-title":"Residential Exposure to Pesticide During Childhood and Childhood Cancers: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.1.239","article-title":"Relationship between exposure to pesticides and occurrence of acute leukemia in Iran","volume":"16","author":"Maryam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4362-5","article-title":"Household pesticide exposure and the risk of childhood acute leukemia in Shanghai, China","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"792","article-title":"Relationship between risk of childhood acute leukemia and children\u2019s and parents\u2019 lifestyles and household environment exposure","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29631","article-title":"Home pesticide exposures and risk of childhood leukemia: Findings from the childhood leukemia international consortium","volume":"137","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233712472520","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol causing lymphoma and hematopoietic malignancy for two generations","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"89","article-title":"Increased risk of childhood brain tumors among children whose parents had farm-related pesticide exposures during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Kunkle","year":"2014","journal-title":"JP J. Biostat."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.2.781","article-title":"Maternal factors and risk of childhood leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28854","article-title":"Parental occupational pesticide exposure and the risk of childhood leukemia in the offspring: Findings from the childhood leukemia international consortium","volume":"135","author":"Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.02.011","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to pesticides as risk factor for brain tumors in children and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Hoet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103942","article-title":"In utero pesticide exposure and leukemia in Brazilian children < 2 years of age","volume":"121","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0205-1","article-title":"Exposure to pesticides and the risk of childhood brain tumors","volume":"24","author":"Greenop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.115","article-title":"Exposure to herbicides in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Metayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101062","article-title":"A case-control study of paternal occupational exposures and the risk of childhood sporadic bilateral retinoblastoma","volume":"70","author":"Abdolahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-23-1027","article-title":"Maternal prenatal use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs and associations with childhood cancer subtypes","volume":"33","author":"Wimberly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Prev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-21-0009","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure are associated with gene deletions in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Prev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.44.5.3","article-title":"Parental Smoking Behavior and Childhood Cancer: A Case-control Study","volume":"44","author":"Alyahya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108827","article-title":"Parental tobacco smoking and risk of childhood leukemia in Costa Rica: A population-based case-control study","volume":"180","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101769","article-title":"Maternal lifestyle characteristics and Wilms tumor risk in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Doganis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571869","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.571869","article-title":"Genotype-Environment Interaction Analysis of NQO1, CYP2E1, and NAT2 Polymorphisms and the Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report From the Mexican Interinstitutional Group for the Identification of the Causes of Childhood Leukemia","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001657","article-title":"Paternal Smoking Before Conception and During Pregnancy Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 17 Case-Control Studies","volume":"42","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16454","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016454","article-title":"Tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32161","article-title":"Parental smoking, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of neuroblastoma in children. A pooled analysis of the ESCALE and ESTELLE French studies","volume":"145","author":"Rios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.039","article-title":"Smoking during pregnancy as a possible risk factor for pediatric neoplasms in the offspring: A population-based cohort study","volume":"90","author":"Kessous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-018-1024-1","article-title":"Maternal consumption of coffee and tea during pregnancy and risk of childhood ALL: A pooled analysis from the childhood Leukemia International Consortium","volume":"29","author":"Milne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2571","article-title":"Correlates of Prenatal and Early-Life Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Frequency of Common Gene Deletions in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"77","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.11.009","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors: Results from a Swedish cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Tettamanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.11.006","article-title":"A multinational case-control study on childhood brain tumours, anthropogenic factors, birth characteristics and prenatal exposures: A validation of interview data","volume":"40","author":"Vienneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azary, S., Ganguly, A., Bunin, G.R., Lombardi, C., Park, A.S., Ritz, B., and Heck, J.E. (2016). Sporadic Retinoblastoma and Parental Smoking and Alcohol Consumption before and after Conception: A Report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151728"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww018","article-title":"Parental Tobacco Smoking and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: The Childhood Leukemia International Consortium","volume":"184","author":"Metayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.171367","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood neuroblastoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0593-5","article-title":"Parental smoking, maternal alcohol, coffee and tea consumption during pregnancy, and childhood acute leukemia: The ESTELLE study","volume":"26","author":"Orsi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0707-0","article-title":"Exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood cancer: A study using the Danish national registers","volume":"27","author":"Momen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattioli, S., Farioli, A., Legittimo, P., Miligi, L., Benvenuti, A., Ranucci, A., Salvan, A., Rondelli, R., Magnani, C., and on behalf of the SETIL Study Group (2014). Tobacco smoke and risk of childhood acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: Findings from the SETIL study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111028"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.08.009","article-title":"Parental military service, agent orange exposure, and the risk of rhabdomyosarcoma in offspring","volume":"165","author":"Grufferman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0371-9","article-title":"Tobacco smoke and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Findings from the SETIL case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Farioli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0437-8","article-title":"Maternal consumption of coffee and tea during pregnancy and risk of childhood brain tumors: Results from an Australian case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Greenop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Huang, J., Lan, H., Zhao, G., and Huang, C. (2014). A meta-analysis of parental smoking and the risk of childhood brain tumors. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102910"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrington-Trimis, J.L., Searles Nielsen, S., Preston-Martin, S., Gauderman, W.J., Holly, E.A., Farin, F.M., Mueller, B.A., and McKean-Cowdin, R. (2013). Parental smoking and risk of childhood brain tumors by functional polymorphisms in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism genes. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079110"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0350","article-title":"Tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias by cytogenetic subtype","volume":"22","author":"Metayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Prev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28004","article-title":"Parental smoking and risk of childhood brain tumors","volume":"133","author":"Milne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11035","article-title":"Risk of Cancer in Children of Parents Occupationally Exposed to Hydrocarbon Solvents and Engine Exhaust Fumes: A Register-Based Nested Case-Control Study from Sweden [1960\u20132015]","volume":"130","author":"Rossides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"190","article-title":"Indoor volatile organic compounds exposures and risk of childhood acute leukemia: A case-control study in shanghai","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A Tox Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613","article-title":"Exposure to nitrate from drinking water and the risk of childhood cancer in Denmark","volume":"155","author":"Stayner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100569","article-title":"Air pollution exposure at the residence and risk of childhood cancers in Denmark: A nationwide register-based case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Hvidtfeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2018.11.005","article-title":"Maternal prenatal exposure to environmental factors and risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia: A hospital-based case-control study in China","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31421","article-title":"Ambient benzene at the residence and risk for subtypes of childhood leukemia, lymphoma and CNS tumor","volume":"143","author":"Hvidtfeldt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0149-1","article-title":"PCB exposure and potential future cancer incidence in Slovak children: An assessment from molecular finger printing by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis [IPA\u00ae] derived from experimental and epidemiological investigations","volume":"25","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.06.006","article-title":"Exposure to ambient dichloromethane in pregnancy and infancy from industrial sources and childhood cancers in California","volume":"220","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.11.013","article-title":"Home remodeling and risk of childhood leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Whitehead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.047","article-title":"A task-based assessment of parental occupational exposure to organic solvents and other compounds and the risk of childhood leukemia in California","volume":"151","author":"Metayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"893","article-title":"Association of exposure to environmental chemicals with risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"50","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0618-0","article-title":"Home paint exposures and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Findings from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium","volume":"26","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307602","article-title":"Residential levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California","volume":"122","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.12.029","article-title":"Quantitative assessments of indoor air pollution and the risk of childhood acute leukemia in Shanghai","volume":"187","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut. Barking Essex"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2014.09.007","article-title":"Risk of neuroblastoma, maternal characteristics and perinatal exposures: The SETIL study","volume":"38","author":"Parodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.358","article-title":"Childhood brain tumours: Associations with parental occupational exposure to solvents","volume":"111","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"104","article-title":"Evaluation of exposure to contaminated drinking water and specific birth defects and childhood cancers at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: A case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Ruckart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"413","article-title":"Relationship between parental exposure to chemicals and risk of childhood acute leukemia","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2021-0112","article-title":"Exposure to magnetic fields and childhood leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies","volume":"38","author":"Brabant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111993","article-title":"Pooled analysis of recent studies of magnetic fields and childhood leukemia","volume":"204","author":"Amoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seomun, G., Lee, J., and Park, J. (2021). Exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and childhood cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251628"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22295","article-title":"Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Childhood B-Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in a City With High Incidence of Leukemia and Elevated Exposure to ELF Magnetic Fields","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.01.022","article-title":"Childhood leukemia risk in the California Power Line Study: Magnetic fields versus distance from power lines","volume":"171","author":"Crespi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108524","article-title":"Residential exposure to electromagnetic fields during pregnancy and risk of child cancer: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"176","author":"Auger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105706","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields and risk of leukaemia in the offspring: Findings from the Childhood Leukaemia International Consortium [CLIC]","volume":"76","author":"Talibov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0097-7","article-title":"Proximity to overhead power lines and childhood leukaemia: An international pooled analysis","volume":"119","author":"Amoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.142","article-title":"Association between parental occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and childhood nervous system tumors risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"642","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0951-6","article-title":"Residential magnetic fields exposure and childhood leukemia: A population-based case-control study in California","volume":"28","author":"Kheifets","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2016.1165812","article-title":"Associations of parental occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields with childhood leukemia risk","volume":"57","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.142","article-title":"Childhood leukaemia and distance from power lines in California: A population-based case-control study","volume":"115","author":"Crespi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"437","article-title":"Epidemiological study of power lines and childhood cancer in the UK: Further analyses","volume":"36","author":"Bunch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot. Off. J. Soc. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2016.17.2.877","article-title":"Re: Role of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and No Impact of Urinary Alpha- Amylase\u2014A Case Control Study in Tehran, Iran","volume":"17","author":"Dechent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.6.2347","article-title":"Increased risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] by prenatal and postnatal exposure to high voltage power lines: A case control study in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"16","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"695","article-title":"Magnetic fields and childhood cancer: An epidemiological investigation of the effects of high-voltage underground cables","volume":"35","author":"Bunch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot. Off. J. Soc. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.365","article-title":"Residential exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukaemia, CNS tumour and lymphoma in Denmark","volume":"113","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120202184","article-title":"Childhood leukemia and 50 Hz magnetic fields: Findings from the Italian SETIL case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Salvan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.15","article-title":"Residential distance at birth from overhead high-voltage powerlines: Childhood cancer risk in Britain 1962\u20132008","volume":"110","author":"Bunch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2013.12.008","article-title":"Magnetic fields exposure and childhood leukemia risk: A meta-analysis based on 11,699 cases and 13,194 controls","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen, C., Br\u00e4uner, E.V., Rod, N.H., Albieri, V., Andersen, C.E., Ulbak, K., Hertel, O., Johansen, C., Sch\u00fcz, J., and Raaschou-Nielsen, O. (2014). Distance to high-voltage power lines and risk of childhood leukemia\u2014An analysis of confounding by and interaction with other potential risk factors. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107096"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.128","article-title":"Childhood leukaemia close to high-voltage power lines\u2014The Geocap study, 2002\u20132007","volume":"108","author":"Demoury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngoc, L.T.N., Park, D., and Lee, Y.C. (2022). Human Health Impacts of Residential Radon Exposure: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010097"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111714","article-title":"Residential radon exposure and leukemia: A meta-analysis and dose-response meta-analyses for ecological, case-control, and cohort studies","volume":"202","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Domestic radon exposure and risk of childhood leukemia: A meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. BUON Off. J. Balk. Union. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3867","article-title":"Predicting residential radon concentrations in Finland: Model development, validation, and application to childhood leukemia","volume":"46","author":"Arvela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncz068","article-title":"Domestic radon exposure and childhood leukaemia and lymphoma: A population-based study in canada","volume":"184","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12110","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121012110","article-title":"Residential Radon Exposure and Incidence of Childhood Lymphoma in Texas, 1995\u20132011","volume":"12","author":"Peckham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.400","article-title":"Risk of leukaemia or cancer in the central nervous system among children living in an area with high indoor radon concentrations: Results from a cohort study in Norway","volume":"111","author":"Blaasaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306500","article-title":"Domestic radon exposure and risk of childhood cancer: A prospective census-based cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Hauri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onyije, F.M., Olsson, A., Baaken, D., Erdmann, F., Stanulla, M., Wollschl\u00e4ger, D., and Sch\u00fcz, J. (2022). Environmental Risk Factors for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An Umbrella Review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020382"},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"(2024, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/www.iarc.who.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pr221_E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"(2024, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/mono109-F07.pdf."},{"key":"ref_191","unstructured":"(2024, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/mono100F-24.pdf."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr297","article-title":"Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: Implications for risk assessment","volume":"33","author":"McHale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pech, K., P\u00e9rez-Herrera, N., V\u00e9rtiz-Hern\u00e1ndez, \u00c1.A., Lajous, M., and Far\u00edas, P. (2023). Health Risk Assessment in Children Occupationally and Para-Occupationally Exposed to Benzene Using a Reverse-Translation PBPK Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032275"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gru\u013eov\u00e1, D., Caputo, L., Elshafie, H.S., Baranov\u00e1, B., De Martino, L., Sedl\u00e1k, V., Goga\u013eov\u00e1, Z., Por\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, J., Camele, I., and De Feo, V. (2020). Thymol Chemotype Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil as a Potential Selective Bio-Based Herbicide on Monocot Plant Species. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030595"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114105","article-title":"Assessment of exposure to pesticide mixtures in five European countries by a harmonized urinary suspect screening approach","volume":"248","author":"Ottenbros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_196","unstructured":"(2024, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/www.iarc.who.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pr236_E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2018-0070","article-title":"Pyrethroid pesticide exposure and hematological cancer: Epidemiological, biological and molecular evidence","volume":"34","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarrete-Meneses, M.d.P., Salas-Labad\u00eda, C., Ju\u00e1rez-Vel\u00e1zquez, M.d.R., Moreno-Lorenzana, D., G\u00f3mez-Ch\u00e1vez, F., Olaya-Vargas, A., and P\u00e9rez-Vera, P. (2023). Exposure to Insecticides Modifies Gene Expression and DNA Methylation in Hematopoietic Tissues In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076259"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolella, H.D., and de Assis, S. (2022). Epigenetic Inheritance: Intergenerational Effects of Pesticides and Other Endocrine Disruptors on Cancer Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094671"},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"(2024, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news\/item\/03-02-2021-world-cancer-day-know-the-facts-tobacco-and-alcohol-both-cause-cancer#:~:text=People%20who%20use%20both%20alcohol,up%20to%2030%20times%20higher."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"(2024, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/mono100E-6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"NCI (2024, January 10). Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/radiation\/electromagnetic-fields-fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2016.11.017","article-title":"Environmental Exposure and Risk of Childhood Leukemia: An Overview","volume":"47","author":"Erdmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209330","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1209330","article-title":"Synthesized evidence for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Onyije","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/6\/3284\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:13:23Z","timestamp":1760105603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/6\/3284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25063284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25063284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]}}}