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However, there is no consensus in clinical practice regarding the optimal timing of immunization. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the 3Fluart influenza vaccine on the complete Freund\u2019s adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic arthritis rat model and to identify new biomarkers with clinical utility. CFA was injected into the plantar surface of one hind paw and the root of the tail on day 0, and the tail root injection was repeated on day 1. Flu vaccination was performed on day 1 or 7. Paw volume was measured by plethysmometry, mechanonociceptive threshold by dynamic plantar aesthesiometry, neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and vascular leakage using in vivo optical imaging throughout the 21-day experiment. Inflammatory markers were determined by Western blot and histopathology. CFA-induced swelling, an increase in MPO activity, plasma extravasation in the tibiotarsal joint. Mechanical hyperalgesia of the hind paw was observed 3 days after the injection, which gradually decreased. Co-administration of the flu vaccine on day 7 but not on day 1 resulted in significantly increased heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression. The influenza vaccination appears to have a limited impact on the progression and severity of the inflammatory response and associated pain. Nevertheless, delayed vaccination could alter the disease activity, as indicated by the findings from assessments of edema and inflammatory biomarkers. HO-1 may serve as a potential marker for the severity of inflammation, particularly in the case of delayed vaccination. However, further investigation is needed to fully understand the regulation and role of HO-1, a task that falls outside the scope of the current study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:32:30Z","timestamp":1710495150000},"page":"3292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing the Impact of Influenza Vaccination Timing on Experimental Arthritis: Effects on Disease Progression and Inflammatory Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3545-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Tarj\u00e1nyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"M\u00e9nes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kurucz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Clinic, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5818-4557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Priksz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7911-055X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Gesztelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1208-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4724-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m Istv\u00e1n","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolett","family":"Szentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN-PTE), Chronic Pain Research Group, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Helyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN-PTE), Chronic Pain Research Group, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Szilv\u00e1ssy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariann","family":"Bombicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of 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