{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:18:43Z","timestamp":1785521923959,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018736","name":"KAKEN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K14821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K14821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018736","name":"KAKEN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K11454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K11454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018736","name":"KAKEN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1620AA041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1620AA041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan","award":["21K14821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K14821"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan","award":["23K11454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K11454"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan","award":["1620AA041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1620AA041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation and its treatment varies widely; however, when inflammation is high, a complete nutrient containing pre-digested elemental diet (ED) is used to preserve the intestinal tract. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of EDs for IBD using mice. C57BL\/6 mice were orally treated with the ED (5 mL\/day) and its ingredient L-tryptophan (Trp) (1\u2013100 mg\/kg), respectively. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that treatment with the ED and Trp (10 and 100 mg\/kg) significantly increased the percentage of splenic CD4+-\/CD25+-\/Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In the 2% DSS-induced colitis-mouse model, Trp administration (100 mg\/kg) led to a significant decrease in TNF-\u03b1 and increase in IL-10 in the serum as well as a significant decrease in the inflammation score. Furthermore, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonistic activity, which is a key function of Treg induction, of Trp and 15 Trp metabolites was characterized using a highly sensitive DR-EcoScreen cell assay. Five Trp metabolites, including L-kynurenine, acted as AhR agonists, while Trp did not. Taken together, these results suggest that the ED treatment has a Trp-dependent immunoregulatory effect, and several Trp metabolites that activate the AhR might contribute to induction of remission in patients with IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:39:31Z","timestamp":1710841171000},"page":"3448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immunoregulatory Effects of Elemental Diet and Its Ingredient, Tryptophan, via Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Atsuhito","family":"Kubota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-0817, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-613X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shungo","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Aoyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Murase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1415-5762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Terasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-0817, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-0785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoh","family":"Takekuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-0817, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.727","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee","volume":"105","author":"Kornbluth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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