{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:32:33Z","timestamp":1788913953803,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly disabling mental disorder arising after traumatism exposure, often revealing critical and complex courses when comorbidity with bipolar disorder (BD) occurs. To search for PTSD or depression biomarkers that would help clinicians define BD presentations, this study aimed at preliminarily evaluating circulating brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in BD subjects with PTSD or experiencing a major depressive episode versus controls. Two bloodstream BDNF components were specifically investigated, the storage (intraplatelet) and the released (plasma) ones, both as adaptogenic\/repair signals during neuroendocrine stress response dynamics. Bipolar patients with PTSD (n = 20) or in a major depressive episode (n = 20) were rigorously recruited together with unrelated healthy controls (n = 24) and subsequently examined by psychiatric questionnaires and blood samplings. Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and intraplatelet (PLT) BDNF were measured by ELISA assays. The results showed markedly higher intraplatelet vs. plasma BDNF, confirming platelets\u2019 role in neurotrophin transport\/storage. No between-group PPP-BDNF difference was reported, whereas PLT-BDNF was significantly reduced in depressed BD patients. PLT-BDNF negatively correlated with mood scores but not with PTSD items like PPP-BDNF, which instead displayed opposite correlation trends with depression and manic severity. Present findings highlight PLT-BDNF as more reliable at detecting depression than PTSD in BD, encouraging further study into BDNF variability contextually with immune-inflammatory parameters in wider cohorts of differentially symptomatic bipolar patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T13:09:36Z","timestamp":1710940176000},"page":"3529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Plasma and Platelet Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in Bipolar Disorder Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or in a Major Depressive Episode Compared to Healthy Controls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0520-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Dell\u2019Oste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"UFCSMA Zona Valdinievole, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, 51016 Montecatini Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionella","family":"Palego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Betti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Fantasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Gravina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bordacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-893X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Pedrinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"UFSMA Zona Apuana, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino","family":"Giannaccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3662-8073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Carmassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S73","article-title":"Lifetime post-traumatic stress symptoms are related to the health-related quality of life and severity of pain\/fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"29","author":"Carmassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-014-0028-9","article-title":"New DSM-5 maladaptive symptoms in PTSD: Gender differences and correlations with mood spectrum symptoms in a sample of high school students following survival of an earthquake","volume":"13","author":"Carmassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, F.B., Pinna, G., and Barros, H.M.T. (2021). The Role of HPA Axis and Allopregnanolone on the Neurobiology of Major Depressive Disorders and PTSD. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115495"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.06.008","article-title":"A review on inflammatory cytokine-induced alterations of the brain as potential neural biomarkers in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dell\u2019oste, V., Fantasia, S., Gravina, D., Palego, L., Betti, L., Dell\u2019osso, L., Giannaccini, G., and Carmassi, C. (2023). Metabolic and Inflammatory Response in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Systematic Review on Peripheral Neuroimmune Biomarkers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042937"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00208-7","article-title":"Trk receptors: Mediators of neurotrophin action","volume":"11","author":"Patapoutian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/35049004","article-title":"Neurotrophins as synaptic modulators","volume":"2","author":"Poo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00939232","article-title":"Trophic protection of motor neurons: Clinical potential in motor neuron diseases","volume":"242","author":"Lindsay","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90048-5","article-title":"Functions of the neurotrophins during nervous system development: What the knockouts are teaching us","volume":"77","author":"Snider","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2013.12.004","article-title":"G\u03b1z regulates BDNF-induction of axon growth in cortical neurons","volume":"58","author":"Hultman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b00536","article-title":"Bioactive self-assembling peptide hydrogels functionalized with brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor mimicking peptides synergistically promote peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain","volume":"13","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1038\/44847","article-title":"Neurotrophin-evoked rapid excitation through TrkB receptors","volume":"401","author":"Kafitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.21.5887","article-title":"Synaptic secretion of BDNF after high-frequency stimulation of glutamatergic synapses","volume":"20","author":"Hartmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80378-5","article-title":"Neurotrophins and time: Different roles for TrkB signaling in hippocampal long-term potentiation","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10231","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10231.1998","article-title":"Enhancement of Neurotransmitter Release Induced by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-04-01316.2002","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates cerebellar plasticity and synaptic ultrastructure","volume":"22","author":"Carter","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80879-X","article-title":"Postsynaptic target specificity of neurotrophin-induced presynaptic potentiation","volume":"25","author":"Schinder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2005.06.008","article-title":"Chronic stress, as well as acute stress, reduces BDNF mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus but less robustly","volume":"53","author":"Murakami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.01.013","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of hippocampal Bdnf DNA in adult rats in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"45","author":"Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2012.00801.x","article-title":"Fear extinction and BDNF: Translating animal models of PTSD to the clinic","volume":"11","author":"Andero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0639-2","article-title":"Neurobiology of BDNF in fear memory, sensitivity to stress, and stress-related disorders","volume":"25","author":"Notaras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001032","article-title":"Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: High vs low CRH\/NE states","volume":"7","author":"Gold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.05.008","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling in Depression and Antidepressant Action","volume":"90","author":"Monteggia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14630","article-title":"Role of BDNF in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: Activity-dependent effects distinguish rapid-acting antidepressants","volume":"53","author":"Duman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007560","article-title":"Long-term down-regulation of BDNF mRNA in rat hippocampal CA1 subregion correlates with PTSD-like behavioural stress response","volume":"10","author":"Kozlovsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01754-x","article-title":"Unfolding the Role of BDNF as a Biomarker for Treatment of Depression","volume":"71","author":"Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"728","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is stored in human platelets and released by agonist stimulation","volume":"87","author":"Fujimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1006\/prep.1995.1062","article-title":"Purification and identification of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from human serum","volume":"6","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1995","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01321-0","article-title":"Presence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain and human and rat but not mouse serum detected by a sensitive and specific immunoassay","volume":"709","author":"Radka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00073-7","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human platelets","volume":"54","author":"Bayatti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.07.013","article-title":"Determinants of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"36","author":"Bus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.008","article-title":"Low Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels in serum of depressed patients probably results from lowered platelet BDNF release unrelated to platelet reactivity","volume":"57","author":"Karege","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00515","article-title":"The Role of BDNF in the Neuroimmune Axis Regulation of Mood Disorders","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, Z., Wang, Y., and Sun, Z. (2020). The Relationships Between Stress, Mental Disorders, and Epigenetic Regulation of BDNF. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041375"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00141-5","article-title":"Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"Pan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00529-3","article-title":"Postnatal developmental profile of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat brain and platelets","volume":"328","author":"Karege","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(95)00250-V","article-title":"Permeability at the blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers of the neurotrophic factors: NGF, CNTF, NT-3, BDNF","volume":"36","author":"Poduslo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0123-7_15","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier drug targeting enables neuroprotection in brain ischemia following delayed intravenous administration of neurotrophins","volume":"513","author":"Pardridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000478862","article-title":"Plasma BDNF Level in Major Depression: Biomarker of the Val66Met BDNF Polymorphism and of the Clinical Course in Met Carrier Patients","volume":"75","author":"Colle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v6.i1.84","article-title":"Are the changes in the peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels due to platelet activation?","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.06.002","article-title":"Release reaction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through PAR1 activation and its two distinct pools in human platelets","volume":"128","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9872","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.720029","article-title":"Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Megakaryocytes","volume":"291","author":"Colzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"27","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Serotonin Transporter (SERT) in Platelets of Patients with Mild Huntington\u2019s Disease: Relationships with Social Cognition Symptoms","volume":"156","author":"Betti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575607","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.575607","article-title":"Platelets Selectively Regulate the Release of BDNF, But Not That of Its Precursor Protein, proBDNF","volume":"11","author":"Fleury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.11.011","article-title":"Stress at work alters serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels in healthy volunteers: BDNF and MHPG as possible biological markers of mental stress?","volume":"32","author":"Mitoma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00478.x","article-title":"Traumatic life events in bipolar disorder: Impact on BDNF levels and psychopathology","volume":"9","author":"Tramontina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.02.023","article-title":"Low plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and childhood physical neglect are associated with verbal memory impairment in major depression--a preliminary report","volume":"64","author":"Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.04.018","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"33","author":"Carmassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1961-1","article-title":"The impact of childhood abuse and recent stress on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the moderating role of BDNF Val66Met","volume":"214","author":"Elzinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12064","article-title":"Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in earthquake survivors with full and partial post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"67","author":"Stratta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.07.008","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor predicts responses to escitalopram in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"34","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2014-1421","article-title":"Serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mental disorders in imprisoned women","volume":"37","author":"Bins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.085","article-title":"BDNF concentration and impulsiveness level in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"229","author":"Martinotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2016.1163545","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66met polymorphism and plasma levels in road traffic accident survivors","volume":"29","author":"Suliman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mojtabavi, H., Saghazadeh, A., Van den Heuvel, L., Bucker, J., and Rezaei, N. (2020). Peripheral blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241928"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.08.005","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and health-related quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder: Review and new data from a multi-site community clinic sample","volume":"145","author":"Bajor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21814","article-title":"The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Rytwinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.2\/jflory","article-title":"Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Alternative explanations and treatment considerations","volume":"17","author":"Flory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialog-Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.051","article-title":"Comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder: A population-based study from the two largest cities in Brazil","volume":"263","author":"Longo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.04.038","article-title":"Presentation and prevalence of PTSD in a bipolar disorder population: A STEP-BD examination","volume":"150","author":"Hernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.066","article-title":"Identifying a clinical signature of suicidality among patients with mood disorders: A pilot study using a machine learning approach","volume":"193","author":"Passos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.10.044","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress burden in a sample of hospitalized patients with Bipolar Disorder: Which impact on clinical correlates and suicidal risk?","volume":"262","author":"Carmassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01298","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1298","article-title":"Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and serum cortisol levels in a sample of workers exposed to occupational stress and suffering from Adjustment Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Buselli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Navarrete, J.-L., Guzm\u00e1n-Castillo, A., Bustos, C., and Rojas, R. (2023). Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and salivary cortisol levels in college students with different levels of academic stress. Study protocol. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282007"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45976-5","article-title":"Associations between serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and influence of storage time and centrifugation strategy","volume":"9","author":"Gejl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.044","article-title":"BDNF as a biomarker for successful treatment of mood disorders: A systematic & quantitative meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Polyakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710000738","article-title":"Blood BDNF concentrations reflect brain-tissue BDNF levels across species","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000319946","article-title":"Associations between brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels and severity of the illness, recurrence and symptoms in depressed patients","volume":"62","author":"Veltri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.105","article-title":"Serum BDNF concentrations as peripheral manifestations of depression: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyses on 179 associations (N=9484)","volume":"19","author":"Molendijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12636","article-title":"Lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor are associated with melancholic psychomotor retardation among depressed inpatients","volume":"20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bipolar Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901713010213","article-title":"Relationship Between Brain-Derived Neurotrofic Factor (Bdnf) and Sleep on Depression: A Critical Review","volume":"13","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125312436572","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and leptin levels in patients with a diagnosis of severe major depressive disorder with melancholic features","volume":"2","author":"Kotan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Decreased mRNA and Protein Expression of BDNF, NGF, and their Receptors in the Hippocampus from Suicide: An Analysis in Human Postmortem Brain","volume":"6","author":"Banerjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Ins. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.06.033","article-title":"Serum BDNF as a peripheral biomarker of treatment-resistant depression and the rapid antidepressant response: A comparison of ketamine and ECT","volume":"186","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"pyu096","article-title":"SKF83959 produces antidepressant effects in a chronic social defeat stress model of depression through BDNF-TrkB pathway","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.08.058","article-title":"Decreased plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during mixed episodes of bipolar disorder","volume":"171","author":"Piccinni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.11.005","article-title":"Decreased plasma BDNF level in depressive patients","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2180-0","article-title":"Changes in plasma and platelet BDNF levels induced by S-citalopram in major depression","volume":"216","author":"Navarro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.05.005","article-title":"Plasma and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients during 1 year of antidepressant treatments","volume":"105","author":"Piccinni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0129-z","article-title":"Increased Plasma Levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Patients with Fibromyalgia","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldoghachi, A.F., Tor, Y.S., Redzun, S.Z., Bin Lokman, K.A., Razaq, N.A.A., Shahbudin, A.F., Badamasi, I.M., Cheah, P.-S., Stanslas, J., and Veerakumarasivam, A. (2019). Screening of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) single nucleotide polymorphisms and plasma BDNF levels among Malaysian major depressive disorder patients. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211241"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falaschi, V., Palego, L., Marazziti, D., Betti, L., Musetti, L., Maglio, A., Dell\u2019oste, V., Sagona, S., Felicioli, A., and Carpita, B. (2023). Variation of Circulating Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Depression: Relationships with Inflammatory Indices, Metabolic Status and Patients\u2019 Clinical Features. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071555"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuccato, C., Marullo, M., Vitali, B., Tarditi, A., Mariotti, C., Valenza, M., Lahiri, N., Wild, E.J., Sassone, J., and Ciammola, A. (2011). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Huntington\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022966"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000358061","article-title":"Preanalysis storage conditions influence the measurement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in peripheral blood","volume":"69","author":"Tsuchimine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6500","article-title":"An acid-treatment method for the enhanced detection of GDNF in biological samples","volume":"145","author":"Okragly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17989","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17989","article-title":"A method for reproducible measurements of serum BDNF: Comparison of the performance of six commercial assays","volume":"5","author":"Polacchini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"650","article-title":"Subthreshold symptoms in bipolar disorder: Impact on neurocognition, quality of life and disability","volume":"136","author":"Reinares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"S111","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to study the effects of balneotherapy and mud-bath therapy treatments on fibromyalgia","volume":"31","author":"Bazzichi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27431","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27431","article-title":"Comparing clinical responses and the biomarkers of BDNF and cytokines between subthreshold bipolar disorder and bipolar II disorder","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"361","article-title":"Increased levels of plasma IL-1b and BDNF can predict resistant depression patients","volume":"65","author":"Uint","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.121","article-title":"BDNF function as a potential mediator of bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity","volume":"17","author":"Rakofsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.01.010","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with trauma psychopathology","volume":"34","author":"Hauck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01006.x","article-title":"Peripheral Levels of BDNF and NGF in Primary Headaches","volume":"26","author":"Blandini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.04.002","article-title":"Reduced platelet BDNF level in patients with major depression","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-12-1067","article-title":"The role of platelets in inflammation","volume":"114","author":"Storey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"First, M.B., Williams, J.B., Karg, R.S., and Spitzer, R.L. (2015). SCID-5-CV: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders, American Psychiatric Association Publishing. Research Version."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"Rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A rating scale for mania: Reliability, validity and sensitivity","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Wilson, J.P., and Keane, T.M. (1997). Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e958","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.214","article-title":"The human BDNF gene: Peripheral gene expression and protein levels as biomarkers for psychiatric disorders","volume":"6","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/6\/3529\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:58Z","timestamp":1760105818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/6\/3529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25063529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25063529","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]}}}