{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:56:51Z","timestamp":1789585011762,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDA #931652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDA #931652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary fibrosis results from the deposition and proliferation of extracellular matrix components in the lungs. Despite being an airway disorder, pulmonary fibrosis also has notable effects on the pulmonary vasculature, with the development and severity of pulmonary hypertension tied closely to patient mortality. Furthermore, the anatomical proximity of blood vessels, the alveolar epithelium, lymphatic tissue, and airway spaces highlights the need to identify shared pathogenic mechanisms and pleiotropic signaling across various cell types. Sensory nerves and their transmitters have a variety of effects on the various cell types within the lungs; however, their effects on many cell types and functions during pulmonary fibrosis have not yet been investigated. This review highlights the importance of gaining a new understanding of sensory nerve function in the context of pulmonary fibrosis as a potential tool to limit airway and vascular dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T06:35:30Z","timestamp":1711002930000},"page":"3538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Role of Sensory Nerves in Pulmonary Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9442-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles E.","family":"Norton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751798","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2021.751798","article-title":"Cough in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Mann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Rehabil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0090-2015","article-title":"Cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"Birring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00171307","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease","volume":"31","author":"Behr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701603","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01603-2017","article-title":"Trends in mortality from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the European Union: An observational study of the WHO mortality database from 2001\u20132013","volume":"51","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.4065\/73.11.1085","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Current concepts","volume":"73","author":"Ryu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2015","article-title":"Vagal afferent innervation of the airways in health and disease","volume":"96","author":"Mazzone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205924","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1205924","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary fibrosis alters the functioning of the respiratory neural network","volume":"14","author":"Yegen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0354OC","article-title":"Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 gene ablation attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via CGRP-cAMP\/EPAC1 pathway","volume":"48","author":"Hartopo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0602","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide down-regulates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.37.9.703","article-title":"Distribution of pulmonary cholinergic nerves in the rabbit","volume":"37","author":"Bloomquist","year":"1982","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1159\/000142658","article-title":"The intrinsic innervation of the pulmonary vessels","volume":"60","author":"Fisher","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Anat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.2.426","article-title":"Innervation pattern of guinea pig pulmonary vasculature depends of vascular diameter","volume":"82","author":"Haberberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307060","article-title":"Cholinesterase-containing nerve fibres on blood vessels in lungs of some laboratory mammals","volume":"140","author":"Cech","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L50","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00376.2021","article-title":"Identification of lung innervating sensory neurons and their target specificity","volume":"322","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90285-X","article-title":"Occurrence, distribution and ontogeny of CGRP immunoreactivity in the rat lower respiratory tract: Effect of capsaicin treatment and surgical denervations","volume":"19","author":"Cadieux","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000235449","article-title":"Distribution of substance P-immunoreactive and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerve in normal human lungs","volume":"95","author":"Komatsu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90239-X","article-title":"The sensory and sympathetic innervation of guinea-pig lung and trachea as studied by retrograde neuronal tracing and double-labelling immunohistochemistry","volume":"49","author":"Kummer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318626","article-title":"Innervation of lower airways and neuropeptide effects on bronchial and vascular tone in the pig","volume":"260","author":"Martling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L212","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00044.2018","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide hyperpolarizes mouse pulmonary artery endothelial tubes through KATP activation","volume":"315","author":"Norton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2004.02.005","article-title":"Distribution of adrenomedullin-containing perivascular nerves in the rat mesenteric artery","volume":"25","author":"Hobara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Peptided"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12035","article-title":"Perivascular innervation: A multiplicity of roles in vasomotor control and myoendothelial signaling","volume":"20","author":"Westcott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270710","article-title":"Depressed perivascular sensory innervation of mouse mesenteric arteries with advanced age","volume":"594","author":"Boerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"17","article-title":"The axon reflex","volume":"7","author":"Yabrak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200504-033SR","article-title":"The role of vagal afferent nerves in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2","author":"Undem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00203-6","article-title":"Reflexes from airway rapidly adapting receptors","volume":"125","author":"Widdicombe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201101-013MW","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular innervation and its role in responses to hypoxia: Size matters!","volume":"8","author":"Kummer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1159\/000025689","article-title":"Heterogeneity of vascular innervation in hamster cheek pouch and retractor muscle","volume":"36","author":"Grasby","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00037.2003","article-title":"Vascular action of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin","volume":"84","author":"Brain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/313054a0","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator","volume":"313","author":"Brain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-11-03796.1989","article-title":"Axonal transport and distribution of endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat peripheral nerve","volume":"9","author":"Kashihara","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"L661","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the cardiovascular system: Characterizations of receptor populations and their (patho)physiological signaificance","volume":"290","author":"Bell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.01.006","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide: Role in airway homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Dakhama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/30666","article-title":"RAMPs regulate the transport and ligand specificity of the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor","volume":"393","author":"McLatchie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/344770a0","article-title":"Arterial dilations in response to calcitonin gene-related peptide involve activation of K+ channels","volume":"344","author":"Nelson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.117bu.x","article-title":"ATP-sensitive K+ channel activation by calcitonin gene related peptide and protein kinase A in pig coronary arterial smooth muscle","volume":"507","author":"Wellman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701783","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of CGRP receptors mediating relaxation of the rat pulmonary artery and inhibition of twitch responses of the rat vas deferens","volume":"123","author":"Wisskirchen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/335164a0","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide acts as a novel vasodilator neurotransmitter in mesenteric resistance vessels of the rat","volume":"335","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006157","article-title":"The liberation of adenosine triphosphate on antidromic stimulation of sensory nerves","volume":"145","author":"Holton","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2006","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission","volume":"87","author":"Burnstock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677677","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2021.677677","article-title":"Purinergic receptors in the airways: Potential therapeutic targets for asthma?","volume":"2","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-8673.2009.00435.x","article-title":"Purinergic regulation of vascular tone and remodelling","volume":"29","author":"Burnstock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Auton. Autacoid Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01633","article-title":"Purinergic signaling in pulmonary inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(86)90409-7","article-title":"The contributions of noradrenaline and ATP to the responses of the rabbit central ear artery to sympathetic nerve stimulation depend on the parameters of stimulation","volume":"122","author":"Kennedy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs187","article-title":"Mechanisms of ATP release and signalling in the blood vessel wall","volume":"95","author":"Lohman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1985.65.3.553","article-title":"Biochemistry of peptide-secreting neurons","volume":"65","author":"White","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14749","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14749","article-title":"Overexpression of Substance P in pig airways increases MUC5AC through an NF-k\u03b2 pathway","volume":"9","author":"Sponchiado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12733","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12733","article-title":"Differential hyperpolarization to substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide in smooth muscle versus endothelium of mouse mesenteric artery","volume":"28","author":"Norton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S202","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706461","article-title":"Neuropeptides and their receptors: Innovative science providing novel therapeutic targets","volume":"147","author":"Brain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(97)00055-6","article-title":"Sensory neuropeptides: Their role in inflammation and wound healing","volume":"37","author":"Brain","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90647-M","article-title":"Effect of endothelium on the actions of sympathetic and sensory nerves in the perfused rat mesentery","volume":"210","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00175-2","article-title":"Heterogeneity in mechanisms underlying vasodilatory responses in small arteries of the rat hepatic mesentery","volume":"83","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-183-42381","article-title":"The effects of substance P on the preconstricted pulmonary vasculature of the anesthetized dog","volume":"183","author":"Archer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90349-3","article-title":"Pharmacological receptors for substance P and neurokinins","volume":"40","author":"Regoli","year":"1987","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C679","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00042.2008","article-title":"Neurokinin A engages neurokinin-1 receptor to induce NF-\u03baB-dependent gene expression in murine macrophages: Implications of ERK1\/2 and PI 3-kinase\/Akt pathways","volume":"295","author":"Sung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.141176","article-title":"Involvement of the neurokinin-2 receptor in airway smooth muscle stretch-activated contractions assessed in perfused intact bovine bronchial segments","volume":"327","author":"Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000138717","article-title":"Structure-activity study of neurokinins: Antagonists for the neurokinin-2 receptor","volume":"41","author":"Dion","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706660","article-title":"Substance P-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"147","author":"Gallicchio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2001.280.6.L1348","article-title":"Developmental expression of neurokinin A and functional neurokinin-2 receptors in lung","volume":"280","author":"Haley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00260610","article-title":"Characterization of the peripheral action of neurokinins and neurokinin receptor selective agonists on the rat cardiovascular system","volume":"340","author":"Couture","year":"1989","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp021097","article-title":"Actions of vasodilator nerves on arteriolar smooth muscle and neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves in the guinea-pig small intestine","volume":"489","author":"Kotecha","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.88.39","article-title":"Regulation of vascular function by perivascular calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing nerves","volume":"88","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91263-G","article-title":"Adrenergic modulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing nerve-mediated vasodilation in the rat mesenteric resistance vessel","volume":"506","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.11.067","article-title":"Reciprocal sympatho-sensory control: Functional role of nucleotides and calcitonin gene-related peptide in a peripheral neuroeffector junction","volume":"203","author":"Donoso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2011-0511-OA","article-title":"Idiopathic fibrosis may be a disease of recurrent, tractional injury to the periphery of the aging lung: A unifying hypothesis regarding etiology and pathogenesis","volume":"136","author":"Leslie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab040","article-title":"Macrophages in lung fibrosis","volume":"33","author":"Ogawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30356-X","article-title":"Small airways pathology in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Verleden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"S712","article-title":"Afferent neural pathways mediating cough in animals and humans","volume":"6","author":"Narula","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvaa199","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa199","article-title":"Circulating levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide are lower in COVID-19 patients","volume":"5","author":"Iniguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endoc Soc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.11.012","article-title":"Airway nerves and dyspnea associated with inflammatory airway disease","volume":"30","author":"Undem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2013.03.020","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes the wound healing of human bronchial epithelial cells via PKC and MAPK pathways","volume":"184","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-8","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Kawanami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.07.114","article-title":"Neurokinin 1 receptor promotes rat airway smooth muscle cell migration in asthmatic airway remodelling by enhancing tubulin expression","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"A1993","article-title":"Anti-proliferative effects of the neurokinin 1 receptor in human airway smooth muscle cells","volume":"187","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-5539(02)00178-5","article-title":"Overview of neural pathways in allergy and asthma","volume":"16","author":"Widdicombe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02400-x","article-title":"Morphologically intact airways in lung fibrosis have an abnormal proteome","volume":"24","author":"Herrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9711031","article-title":"Bronchoprotector properties of calcitonin gene-related peptide in guinea pig and human airways","volume":"159","author":"Cadieux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1551","article-title":"Mechanisms of substance P-induced contraction of rabbit airway smooth muscle","volume":"57","author":"Tanaka","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, M., Ying, S., and Wang, Y. (2021). Increased expression of transient receptor potential channels and neurogenic factors associates with cough severity in a guinea pig model. BMC Pulm. Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01556-w"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0307TR","article-title":"Transforming growth factor \u03b21 function in airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness. The missing link?","volume":"56","author":"Ojiaku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00123","article-title":"Fibroblasts in fibrosis: Novel roles and mediators","volume":"5","author":"Kendall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-1319-0","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 pathway activation by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) fibroblast derived soluble factors is mediated by IL-6 trans-signaling","volume":"21","author":"Shochet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02419-0","article-title":"Early events marking lung fibroblast transition to profibrotic state in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/019021499270303","article-title":"Migration of 3T3 and lung fibroblasts in response to calcitonin gene-related peptide and bombesin","volume":"25","author":"Yule","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/01902140701364409","article-title":"Substance P up-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 and down-regulates collagen in human lung fibroblast","volume":"33","author":"Ramos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923235","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.923235","article-title":"The emerging roles of interstitial macrophages in pulmonary fibrosis: A perspective from scRNA-seq analyses","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.08.020","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide exerts anti-inflammatory property through regulating murine macrophages polarization in vitro","volume":"91","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00968-w","article-title":"The neuropeptide CGRP enters the macrophage cytosol to suppress the NLRP3 inflammasome during pulmonary infection","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93367","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7779","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide induces IL-6 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages mediated by mmu_circRNA_007893","volume":"16","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07061161","article-title":"Sensory neuropeptides and the human lower airways: Present state and future directions","volume":"7","author":"Joos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15738","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3\u2013STAT1-mediated NK2R expression is involved in the induction of antitumor effector CD8+ T cells in vivo","volume":"114","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S244099","article-title":"The NK-1R antagonist Aprepitant prevents LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113354","article-title":"Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"366","author":"Network","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-7-5","article-title":"Anatomy and neuro-pathophysiology of the cough reflex arc","volume":"7","author":"Polverino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601357","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01357-2016","article-title":"The emerging role of transient receptor potential channels in chronic lung disease","volume":"50","author":"Belvisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2011.06.003","article-title":"Pharmacologic therapy for cough","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01996.x","article-title":"Cough predicts prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Ryerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200304-597OC","article-title":"A study of the cough reflex in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"168","author":"Hilldrup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2004.09.029","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A nervous cough?","volume":"17","author":"Harrison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-9974-7-2","article-title":"Mechanical induction of cough in idiopathic pulmary fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cough"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"13","article-title":"Increased pulmonary neurotrophin protein expression in idiopathic interstitial pheumonias","volume":"24","author":"Ricci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.071","article-title":"Managing cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"160","author":"Wakwaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L431","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00330.2019","article-title":"Defining a pathological role for the vasculature in the development of fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease","volume":"317","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)61030-6","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in patients with interstitial lung diseases","volume":"82","author":"Ryu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000174250.38188.6d","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease","volume":"11","author":"Strange","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.3.746","article-title":"Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"129","author":"Lettieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2393","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"128","author":"Nadrous","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00187924","article-title":"Ultrastructure of sympathetic axons and their structural relationship with vascular smooth muscle","volume":"193","author":"Luff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2539-y","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"367","author":"Tuder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Z., Wang, S., Yan, H., Cao, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Z., Lin, S., Wang, X., and Mao, J. (2023). Pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020366"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W166","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11409","article-title":"Low-normal lung volume correlates with pulmonary hypertension in fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: Computer-aided 3D quantitative analysis of chest CT","volume":"203","author":"Iwasawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.80.5.475","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of mechanical ventilation","volume":"80","author":"Shekerdemian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013310","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013310","article-title":"Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the diffusing capacity in pulmonary hypertension secondary to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Sakao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.18.3.225","article-title":"Precapillary systemic-pulmonary anastomoses","volume":"18","year":"1963","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.3.1437","article-title":"The CXC chemokines, IL-8 and IP-10, regulate angiogenic activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"159","author":"Keane","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1953.00240230006002","article-title":"Diffuse interstitial fibrosis of lungs","volume":"92","author":"Golden","year":"1953","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429611","article-title":"The ultrastructure of human fibrosing alveolitis","volume":"395","author":"Coalson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"16","article-title":"Alveolar-capillary membrane in idiopathic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"98","author":"Gracey","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200308-1111OC","article-title":"Heterogeneous increase in CD34-positive alveolar capillaries in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"169","author":"Ebina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200202-135OC","article-title":"Interstitial vascularity in fibrosing alveolitis","volume":"167","author":"Renzoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200409-1164OC","article-title":"CXCL11 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibition of vascular remodeling","volume":"171","author":"Burdick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912766107","article-title":"Loss of myeloid cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates fibrosis","volume":"107","author":"Stockman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L434","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00156.2019","article-title":"Chemokine signaling axis between endothelial and myeloid cells regulates development of pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary fibrosis and hypoxia","volume":"317","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.5.9906096","article-title":"Characteristic elevation of matrix metalloproteinase activity inidiopathic interstitial pneumonias","volume":"162","author":"Suga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.8.923","article-title":"In vivo gene transfer of prepro-calcitonin gene-related peptide to the lung attenuates chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in the mouse","volume":"101","author":"Champion","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.03.067","article-title":"Effect of prepro-calcitonin gene related peptide-expressing endothelial progenitor cells on pulmonary hypertension","volume":"84","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"82","article-title":"Oxygen radicals and substance P in perinatal hypoxia-exaggerated, monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"H1543","article-title":"Chronic activation of neurokinin-1 receptor induces pulmonary hypertension in rats","volume":"276","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00027903","article-title":"Substance P-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling in precision cut lung slices","volume":"22","author":"Springer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H681","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1992.263.3.H681","article-title":"CGRP and somatostatin modulate chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"263","author":"Ekman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.3.261","article-title":"Correlation between plasma concentrations of calcitonin gene related peptide and pulmonary pressure in patients with systemic schlerosis","volume":"61","author":"Bartosik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1995.75.2.277","article-title":"Neuropeptides as regulators of airway function: Vasoactive intestinal peptide and the tachykinins","volume":"75","author":"Maggi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08122029","article-title":"Decreased endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilator effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide in hypoxic rats contrasts with increased binding sites","volume":"8","author":"Mannan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01167","article-title":"The regulation of pulmonary vascular tone by neuropeptides and the implications for pulmonary hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Lo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1887","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00037.2021","article-title":"Role of perivascular nerve and sensory neurotransmitter dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"320","author":"Norton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019488","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019488","article-title":"Penetrance of Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Response to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Blockade in a Genetically Prone Rat Model Is Reduced by Female Sex","volume":"10","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0364-19.2019","article-title":"Dural calcitonin gene-related peptide produces female-specific responses in rodent migraine models","volume":"39","author":"Avona","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16908-4_14","article-title":"Pericytes in Chronic Lung Disease","volume":"1147","author":"Shammout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Hung, C.F., Wilson, C.L., and Schnapp, L.M. (2019). Pericyte Biology in Different Organs, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2020.02.006","article-title":"Research advances in pericyte function and their roles in diseases","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150028","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1150028","article-title":"Pericytes: The lung-forgotten cell type","volume":"14","author":"Garrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.147","article-title":"Gross pathology and histopathology of asthma","volume":"111","author":"Hamid","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018","article-title":"Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Simonneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153471","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.153471","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals skewed cellular communication and phenotypic shift in pulmonary artery remodeling","volume":"7","author":"Crnkovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0401OC","article-title":"Mural Cell SDF1 Signaling Is Associated with the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"62","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.05.091","article-title":"Pericyte-myofibroblast transition in the human lung","volume":"528","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201202-0335OC","article-title":"Immune\/inflammatory cell involvement in the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary arterieal hypertension","volume":"186","author":"Savai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L658","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00286.2014","article-title":"Pericytes contribute to airway remodeling in a mouse model of chronic allergic asthma","volume":"308","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02108-4","article-title":"Chemokine CXCL12 drives pericyte accumulation and airway remodeling in allergic airway disease","volume":"23","author":"Bignold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001634","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001634","article-title":"The emerging role of perivascular cells (pericytes) in viral pathogenesis","volume":"102","author":"Butsabong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007469","article-title":"Increased pericyte coverage mediated by endothelial-derived fibroblast growth factor-2 and interleukin-6 is a source of smooth muscle-like cells in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"129","author":"Ricard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz153","article-title":"Neutralization of CXCL12 attenuates established pulmonary hypertension in rats","volume":"116","author":"Bordenave","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2297OC","article-title":"Role of lung pericytes and resident fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"188","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L593","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00054.2017","article-title":"Extracellular retention of PDGF-B directs vascular remodeling in mouse hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"314","author":"Tannenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S280247","article-title":"Targeting airway smooth muscle hypertrophy in asthma: An approach whose time has come","volume":"14","author":"Chetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fnene.2010.00005","article-title":"Pericyte-mediated regulation of capillary diameter: A component of neurovascular coupling in health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neuroenergetics"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01071-w","article-title":"Pericytes Regulate Cerebral Perfusion through VEGFR1 in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"42","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26259-y","article-title":"Hexokinase 2-driven glycolysis in pericytes activates their contractility leading to tumor blood vessel abnormalities","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15345","article-title":"NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase in the lung","volume":"179","author":"Friebe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02479-2","article-title":"NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase discriminates pericyte-derived interstitial from intra-alveolar myofibroblasts in murine pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Aue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00282","article-title":"Pericytes and Neurovascular Function in the Healthy and Diseased Brain","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0626-8","article-title":"Pericyte-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increase the expression of claudin-5 in the blood-brain barrier and the blood-nerve barrier","volume":"37","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12560","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15804","article-title":"Substance P enhances the therapeutic effect of MSCs by modulating their angiogenic potential","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171048","article-title":"Substance P reversibly compromises the integrity and function of blood-brain barrier","volume":"167","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.02.016","article-title":"The Pericyte of the Pancreatic Islet Regulates Capillary Diameter and Local Blood Flow","volume":"27","author":"Almaca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.5_Pt_2.S15","article-title":"Lymph and blood flow responses in central airways","volume":"146","author":"Traber","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00094.2009","article-title":"Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ovine burn and smoke inhalation injury","volume":"107","author":"Lange","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050988","article-title":"Substance P-induced enhanced permeability of dura mater microvessels is accompanied by pronounced ultrastructural changes, but is not dependent on the density of endothelial cell anionic sites","volume":"97","author":"Ghabriel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"R1060","article-title":"Substance P increases microvascular permeability via nitric oxide-mediated convective pathways","volume":"368","author":"Nguyen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04913-2","article-title":"Pulmonary pericytes regulate lung morphogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"519","article-title":"The role of endogenous lung neuropeptides in regulation of the pulmonary circulation","volume":"49","author":"Keith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"L199","article-title":"Lung lymphatics cast from the airspace","volume":"267","author":"Hainis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"42","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of the deep lymphatic network of the murine lung as viewed in corrosion casts","volume":"26","author":"Peao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092380311","article-title":"Lymphatic capillaries of the pig lung: TEM and SEM observations","volume":"238","author":"Marchetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.803555","article-title":"Lymphatic removal of fluids and particles in the mammalian lung","volume":"35","author":"Leak","year":"1980","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solari, E., Marcozzi, C., Ottaviani, C., Negrini, D., and Moriondo, A. (2022). Draining the pleural space: Lymphatic vessels facing the most challenging task. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11030419"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0290TR","article-title":"Lymphatic changes in respiratory diseases: More than just remodeling of the lung?","volume":"57","author":"Stump","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-396895","article-title":"Aberrant mural cell recruitment to lymphatic vessels and impaired lymphatic drainage in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"119","author":"Meinecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813368106","article-title":"Abnormal lymphangiogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"106","author":"Malide","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2010.0008","article-title":"The disappearance of subpleural and interlobular lymphatics in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Ebina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lymphat. Res. Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151515","article-title":"Molecular biology and pathology of lymphangiogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Karpanen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.08.018","article-title":"Lymphatic proliferation ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis after lung injury","volume":"190","author":"Baluk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200522037","article-title":"Pathogenesis of persistent lymphatic vessel hyperplasia in chronic airway inflammation","volume":"115","author":"Baluk","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125044","article-title":"Lymphatic impairment leads to pulmonary tertiary lymphoid organ formation and alveolar damage","volume":"129","author":"Reed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118583","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1118583","article-title":"The lymphatic vasculature in lung function and respiratory disease","volume":"10","author":"Trivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112777","article-title":"VEGFR3 is required for button junction formation in lymphatic vessels","volume":"42","author":"Jannaway","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2545","article-title":"The lymphatic vasculature in disease","volume":"17","author":"Alitalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.039","article-title":"The Lymphatic Vasculature in the 21st Century: Novel Functional Roles in Homeostasis and Disease","volume":"182","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5749","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272088","article-title":"Lymphatic pumping: Mechanics, mechanisms and malfunction","volume":"594","author":"Scallan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1413.010","article-title":"Contractility patterns of human leg lymphatics in various stages of obstructive lymphedema","volume":"1131","author":"Olszewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201812294","article-title":"Ano1 mediates pressure-sensitive contraction frequency changes in mouse lymphatic collecting vessels","volume":"151","author":"Zawieja","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202313358","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202313358","article-title":"IP3R1 underlies diastolic ANO1 activation and pressure-dependent chronotropy in lymphatic collecting vessels","volume":"155","author":"Zawieja","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800965","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00965-2018","article-title":"Targeting TMEM16A to reverse vasoconstriction and remodelling in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Papp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045894020946670","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894020946670","article-title":"Transmembrane protein 16A\/anoctamin 1 inhibitor T16Ainh-A01 reversed monocrotaline-induced rat pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"3275","article-title":"TMEM16A regulates the cell cycle of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in high-flow-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model","volume":"19","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016210","article-title":"A method for studying lymphatic pumping activity in conscious and anaesthetized sheep","volume":"378","author":"McHale","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L530","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00324.2011","article-title":"Altered lymphatics in an ovine model of congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow","volume":"302","author":"Datar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142341","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142341","article-title":"Foxo1 deletion promotes the growth of new lymphatic valves","volume":"131","author":"Scallan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823266","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.823266","article-title":"Lymphatic valve dysfunction in western diet-fed mice: New insights into obesity-induced lymphedema","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1240","article-title":"Chemokine receptor CCR7 guides T cell exit from peripheral tissues and entry into afferent lymphatics","volume":"6","author":"Bromley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5735","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.5735","article-title":"Cutting edge: Nonproliferating mature immune cells form a novel type of organized lymphoid structure in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"176","author":"Uzunhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00122806","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts migrate and proliferate to CC chemokine ligand 21","volume":"29","author":"Pierce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"143","article-title":"An examination of the close relationship between lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in rat skin","volume":"59","author":"Yamada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.028","article-title":"Lymph nodes are innervated by a unique population of sensory neurons with immunomodulatory potential","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.01.008","article-title":"Sensory nerves regulate transcriptional dynamics of lymph node cells","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.08.011","article-title":"Endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide deficiency exacerbates postoperative lymphedema by suppressing lymphatic capillary formation and M2 macrophage accumulation","volume":"189","author":"Matsui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7756","article-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of the Function of the Sensory Nerve Fibers of the Palate in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karuga, F.F., Kaczmarski, P., Szmyd, B., Bialasiewicz, P., Sochal, M., and Gabryelska, A. (2022). The association between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175008"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2776","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Common in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"136","author":"Lancaster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudorache, V., Traila, D., Marc, M., Oancea, C., Manolescu, D., Tudorache, E., Timar, B., Albai, A., and Fira-Mladinescu, O. (2019). Impact of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea on the cognition in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211455"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-014-1033-6","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea should be treated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Mermigkis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00160.2007","article-title":"Alveolar expansion imaged by optical sectioning microscopy","volume":"103","author":"Perlman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17271","article-title":"Mechano-oxidative coupling by mitochondria induces proinflammatory responses in lung venular capillaries","volume":"111","author":"Ichimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, T.H., Heo, I.R., and Kim, C.K. (2022). Impact of high-risk of obstructive sleep apnea on chronic cough: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BMC Pulm. Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02222-5"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0351OC","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia aurments pulmonary vasoconstrictor reactivity through PCKB\/mitochondrial oxidant signaling","volume":"62","author":"Snow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00698.2005","article-title":"Differential effects of chronic hypoxia and intermittent hypocapnic and eucapnic hypoxia on pulmonary vasoreactivity","volume":"104","author":"Snow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13466","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Current and future treatment","volume":"16","author":"Glass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/6\/3538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:17:16Z","timestamp":1760105836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/6\/3538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"references-count":216,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25063538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25063538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]}}}