{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:19:37Z","timestamp":1789172377970,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01EA2106A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EA2106A"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01EA2106C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EA2106C"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["RTG2668 (Project A2, Project-ID: 435874434)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTG2668 (Project A2, Project-ID: 435874434)"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["CRC1371 (project P06)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC1371 (project P06)"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["01EA2106A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EA2106A"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["01EA2106C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EA2106C"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["RTG2668 (Project A2, Project-ID: 435874434)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTG2668 (Project A2, Project-ID: 435874434)"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["CRC1371 (project P06)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC1371 (project P06)"]}]},{"name":"Buehlmann Laboratories AG","award":["01EA2106A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EA2106A"]}]},{"name":"Buehlmann Laboratories AG","award":["01EA2106C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EA2106C"]}]},{"name":"Buehlmann Laboratories AG","award":["RTG2668 (Project A2, Project-ID: 435874434)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTG2668 (Project A2, Project-ID: 435874434)"]}]},{"name":"Buehlmann Laboratories AG","award":["CRC1371 (project P06)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC1371 (project P06)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheat allergy dependent on augmentation factors (WALDA) is the most common gluten allergy in adults. IgE-mediated sensitizations are directed towards \u03c95-gliadin but also to other wheat allergens. The value of the different in vitro cellular tests, namely the basophil activation test (BAT) and the active (aBHRA) and passive basophil histamine-release assays (pBHRA), in the detection of sensitization profiles beyond \u03c95-gliadin has not been compared. Therefore, 13 patients with challenge-confirmed, \u03c95-gliadin-positive WALDA and 11 healthy controls were enrolled. Specific IgE (sIgE), skin prick tests, BATs, aBHRA, and pBHRA were performed with allergen test solutions derived from wheat and other cereals, and results were analyzed and compared. This study reveals a distinct and highly individual reactivity of \u03c95-gliadin-positive WALDA patients to a range of wheat allergens beyond \u03c95-gliadin in cellular in vitro tests and SPT. In the BAT, for all tested allergens (gluten, high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits, \u03b1-amylase\/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), alcohol-free wheat beer, hydrolyzed wheat proteins (HWPs), rye gluten and secalins), basophil activation in patients was significantly higher than in controls (p = 0.004\u2013p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, significant histamine release was detected in the aBHRA for all test substances, exceeding the cut-off of 10 ng\/mL in all tested allergens in 50% of patients. The dependency of tests on sIgE levels against \u03c95-gliadin differed; in the pBHRA, histamine release to any test substances could only be detected in patients with sIgE against \u03c95-gliadin \u2265 7.7 kU\/L, whereas aBHRA also showed high reactivity in less sensitized patients. In most patients, reactivity to HWPs, ATIs, and rye allergens was observed. Additionally, alcohol-free wheat beer was first described as a promising test substance in \u03c95-gliadin-positive WALDA. Thus, BAT and aBHRA are valuable tools for the identification of sensitization profiles in WALDA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T05:10:53Z","timestamp":1711084253000},"page":"3574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of Sensitization Profiles with Cellular In Vitro Tests in Wheat Allergy Dependent on Augmentation Factors (WALDA)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6019-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Faihs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Schmalhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Kugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekka K.","family":"Bent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina A.","family":"Scherf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Lexhaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8710-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte G.","family":"Mortz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8940-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Bindslev-Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5352-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilo","family":"Biedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per S.","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"RefLab ApS, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Eberlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Brockow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis: Subtypes, diagnosis, and management","volume":"21","author":"Faihs","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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