{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:24Z","timestamp":1760144124940,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Necrobiosis Lipoidica (NL) is a dermatological condition characterized by the development of granulomatous inflammation leading to the degeneration of collagen and subsequent formation of yellowish-brown telangiectatic plaques usually localized on the pretibial skin of middle-aged females. Due to its rarity and unclear etiopathogenesis, therapeutic options for NL are not well-standardized. Among them, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging tool, although its efficacy has primarily been evaluated in single case reports or small case series. This study reports the real-life experience of a cohort of NL patients treated with PDT at the Section of Dermatology of the University Hospital of Messina and Reggio-Emilia. From 2013 to 2023, 17 patients were enrolled \u20145 males (29%) and 12 females (71%) aged between 16 and 56 years (mean age: 42 \u00b1 13 years), with a median duration of NL of 8 years. The overall complete clearance (&gt;75% lesion reduction) was 29%, while the partial clearance (25\u201375% lesion reduction) was 59%, with 12% being non-responders. This study adds to the little amount of evidence present in the literature regarding the effectiveness of PDT in the treatment of NL. Variability in treatment responses among patients underscores the need for personalized protocols, optimizing photosensitizers, light sources, and dosimetry. The standardization of treatment protocols and consensus guidelines are essential to ensure reproducibility and comparability across studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T12:47:11Z","timestamp":1711370831000},"page":"3608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Shedding Light on Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A Multicenter Real-Life Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6760-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Li Pomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1383-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Motolese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgery, Infermi Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47923 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0916-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Paganelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberico","family":"Motolese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3515-8441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Borgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.05.034","article-title":"Update on Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options","volume":"69","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2015.03.003","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"33","author":"Sibbald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1966.01600210008002","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum. A Clinical and Pathological Investigation of 171 Cases","volume":"93","author":"Muller","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12159","article-title":"Ulcerated Necrobiosis Lipoidica as a Rare Cause for Chronic Leg Ulcers: Case Report Series of Ten Patients","volume":"12","author":"Franklin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lepe, K., Riley, C.A., and Salazar, F.J. (2024). Necrobiosis Lipoidica, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.57","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica Associated with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis and Positive Detection of ANA and ASMA Autoantibodies","volume":"3","author":"Borgia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2012.1839","article-title":"Update on Clinical and Laboratory Features in Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A Retrospective Multicentre Study of 52 Patients","volume":"22","author":"Seitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu, C., Petca, A., Dumitra\u0219cu, M.C., Petca, R.-C., Ionescu, A.I., and \u0218andru, F. (2024). The Intersection of Dermatological Dilemmas and Endocrinological Complexities: Understanding Necrobiosis Lipoidica\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020337"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13138","article-title":"Risk Factors for Necrobiosis Lipoidica in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Hammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.04.034","article-title":"Clinical and Morphological Features of Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"86","author":"Severson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1473-2165.2002.00406.x","article-title":"The Koebner Phenomenon: Review of the Literature","volume":"16","author":"Weiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.197389","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica Developing within a Surgical Scar in a Non-Diabetic Patient: Type III Koebner Phenomenon (Isomorphic Response), Wolf\u2019s Isotopic Response or Ruocco\u2019s Immunocompromised Cutaneous District?","volume":"83","author":"Pastushenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian. J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"581","article-title":"Cutaneous Microcirculation in Pretibial Necrobiosis Lipoidica. Comparative Laser Doppler Flowmetry and Oxygen Partial Pressure Determinations in Patients and Healthy Probands","volume":"44","author":"Boateng","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03549.x","article-title":"Skin Blood Flow in Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum","volume":"47","author":"Ngo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1966.01600250007001","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum Histopathologic Study of 98 Cases","volume":"94","author":"Muller","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.98023","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum: A Case-Based Review of Literature","volume":"16","author":"Kota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670090020004","article-title":"The Cutaneous Immunopathology of Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum","volume":"124","author":"Quimby","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14238","article-title":"Histopathologic Features of Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"49","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16856","article-title":"Treatment Options for Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A Systematic Review","volume":"62","author":"Nihal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06762.x","article-title":"Fumaric Acid Esters in Necrobiosis Lipoidica: Results of a Prospective Noncontrolled Study","volume":"153","author":"Kreuter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez055","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Bone Involvement Successfully Treated with Infliximab","volume":"58","author":"Fertitta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X1988159","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X19881594","article-title":"The Role of Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor in Wound Healing: A Case Report of Refractory Ulcerated Necrobiosis Lipoidica Treated with Adalimumab and Review of the Literature","volume":"7","author":"Sandhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5070\/D327654058","article-title":"Adalimumab for Treatment of Severe Ulcerative Sarcoidosis","volume":"27","author":"Vetos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2023.101908","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Necrobiosis Lipoidica and Associated Retinal Vasculitis with Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Alpha Inhibitor","volume":"32","author":"Panse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000328403","article-title":"Intralesional Infliximab in Noninfectious Cutaneous Granulomas: Three Cases of Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"222","author":"Barde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1117","article-title":"Treatment of Pre-Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Infliximab","volume":"91","author":"Conte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854738","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/854738","article-title":"Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica: Is There a Place for Anti-TNF\u03b1 Treatment?","volume":"2012","author":"Guedes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000314694","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica Therapy with Biologicals: An Ulcerated Case Responding to Etanercept and a Review of the Literature","volume":"221","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1042","article-title":"Treatment of Necrobiosis Lipoidica with the Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonist Etanercept","volume":"54","author":"Zeichner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04856.x","article-title":"Treatment of Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Topical Psoralen plus Ultraviolet A","volume":"147","author":"Sommer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16044","article-title":"European Dermatology Forum Guidelines on Topical Photodynamic Therapy 2019 Part 2: Emerging Indications\u2014Field Cancerization, Photorejuvenation and Inflammatory\/Infective Dermatoses","volume":"34","author":"Morton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1039\/c2pp25124h","article-title":"A Retrospective Analysis of Real-Life Practice of off-Label Photodynamic Therapy Using Methyl Aminolevulinate (MAL-PDT) in 20 Italian Dermatology Departments. Part 1: Inflammatory and Aesthetic Indications","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"151","article-title":"Update: Treatment of Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"15","author":"Peckruhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"JDDG J. Der Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000494614","article-title":"Potassium Iodide for Cutaneous Inflammatory Disorders: A Monocentric, Retrospective Study","volume":"235","author":"Anzengruber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000514687","article-title":"Comorbidity and Therapeutic Approaches in Patients with Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"238","author":"Heusinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2004.00059.x","article-title":"Healing of Severe Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Cyclosporin","volume":"45","author":"Stanway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-006-1282-9","article-title":"Erfolgreiche Therapie Einer Exulzerierten Necrobiosis Lipoidica Non Diabeticorum Mit Ciclosporin","volume":"58","author":"Aslan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Der Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550310007616","article-title":"Ulcerated Necrobiosis Lipoidica Treated with Cyclosporin A","volume":"83","author":"Patrone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02024.x","article-title":"A Case of Recalcitrant Necrobiosis Lipoidica Responding to Combined Immunosuppression Therapy","volume":"21","author":"West","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734621999269","article-title":"Atypical Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum: A Case Study","volume":"22","author":"Blevins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14295","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Rapid Response to Doxycycline","volume":"37","author":"Burns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2023.03.005","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Ulcerated and Chronic Necrobiosis Lipoidica of the Elbow: A New Entity?","volume":"150","author":"Elzaouk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.014","article-title":"Anti-TNF\u03b1 Treatment for Recalcitrant Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"65","author":"Basoulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5070\/D3237035756","article-title":"Ustekinumab to Target Granulomatous Dermatitis in Recalcitrant Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica: Case Report and Proposed Mechanism","volume":"23","author":"Hassoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5070\/D3258045141","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica in a Diabetic Patient Responsive to Ustekinumab","volume":"25","author":"Pourang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e473","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13643","article-title":"Ulcerating Necrobiosis Lipoidica Successfully Treated with Ustekinumab","volume":"62","author":"Beatty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2023.06.040","article-title":"Treatment of Recalcitrant Disseminated Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Ustekinumab","volume":"41","author":"McMullan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5070\/D35TK1D4CP","article-title":"Treatment of Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Etanercept and Adalimumab","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-013-2535-z","article-title":"Erfolgreiche Behandlung Einer Patientin Mit Therapierefrakt\u00e4rer, Exulzerierter Necrobiosis Lipoidica Non Diabeticorum Mit Adalimumab","volume":"64","author":"Leister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Der Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2019.11.016","article-title":"Treatment of Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Combination Janus Kinase Inhibition and Intralesional Corticosteroid","volume":"6","author":"Damsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.08.028","article-title":"Improvement of Necrobiosis Lipoidica with Topical Ruxolitinib Cream after Prior Nonresponse to Compounded Topical Tofacitinib Cream","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X2110394","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X211039477","article-title":"Improvement of Granulomatous Skin Conditions with Tofacitinib in Three Patients: A Case Report","volume":"9","author":"McPhie","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003000","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica Affecting the Leg: What Is the Best Treatment in a Patient with Very High Aesthetic Demand?","volume":"8","author":"Baccarani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2022.04.006","article-title":"Sequential Punch Grafting for Treatment of Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tissue Viability"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1086\/429998","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor and Its Blockade in Granulomatous Infections: Differential Modes of Action of Infliximab and Etanercept?","volume":"41","author":"Ehlers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.1162","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerance of Anti\u2013Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 Agents in Cutaneous Sarcoidosis","volume":"153","author":"Heidelberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14350","article-title":"The Role of Biologics in the Treatment of Chronic Granuloma Annulare","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00428-8","article-title":"Biologic Therapy in the Treatment of Cutaneous Sarcoidosis: A Literature Review","volume":"20","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103620","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for Intergluteal Warts in a Child Affected by Rett Syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Macca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103800","article-title":"Daylight Photodynamic Therapy for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Pediatric Setting: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"44","author":"Peterle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103893","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for Severe Acne","volume":"45","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102727","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for Superficial Basal Cell Carcinomas: Clinical Features of Partial Responses and Recurrences","volume":"37","author":"Condorelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15313","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15313","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for Pediatric Genital Warts: A Case Report","volume":"35","author":"Macca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.04.020","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy of Necrobiosis Lipoidica Using Methyl Aminolevulinate: A Retrospective Follow-up Study","volume":"22","author":"Kaae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000182259","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy of Necrobiosis Lipoidica\u2014A Multicenter Study of 18 Patients","volume":"218","author":"Berking","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.5474.x","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for Necrobiosis Lipoidica Is an Unpredictable Option: Three Cases with Different Results","volume":"52","author":"Truchuelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2019.01.022","article-title":"Tratamiento de La Necrobiosis Lipo\u00eddica Con Terapia Fotodin\u00e1mica Convencional: Serie de 4 Casos Tratados Con \u00c9xito","volume":"111","author":"Bernia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.08.002","article-title":"Ulcerative Necrobiosis Lipoidica Successfully Treated with Photodynamic Therapy: Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"Borgia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12843","article-title":"Topical Photodynamic Therapy Following Excisional Wounding of Human Skin Increases Production of Transforming Growth Factor-\u03923 and Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 9, with Associated Improvement in Dermal Matrix Organization","volume":"171","author":"Mills","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1039\/b711920h","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy\u2014A Promising Treatment Option for Autoimmune Skin Ulcers: A Case Report","volume":"6","author":"Motta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2006.00150.x","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Granuloma Annulare with Topical 5-aminolaevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.10.1287","article-title":"Disseminated Granuloma Annulare Resolved with the T-Cell Modulator Efalizumab","volume":"140","author":"Goffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.9.4.807","article-title":"Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on Immunological Aspects of Disease\u2014An Update","volume":"9","author":"Hunt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.12.015","article-title":"Contribution of Photodynamic Therapy in Wound Healing: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Oyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Flanagan, M. (2013). Wound Healing and Skin Integrity: Principles and Practice, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-80","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2012.0182","article-title":"Clinical Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Phase II Studies in Chronic Wounds","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgia, F., Giuffrida, R., Caradonna, E., Vaccaro, M., Guarneri, F., and Cannav\u00f2, S. (2018). Early and Late Onset Side Effects of Photodynamic Therapy. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6010012"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12831","article-title":"Daylight Photodynamic Therapy in Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A Promising Treatment?","volume":"39","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01311.x","article-title":"Case of Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum Successfully Treated by Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"39","author":"Kosaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2008.00390.x","article-title":"Successful Topical Photodynamic Treatment of Refractory Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"24","author":"Buggiani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.12.1548","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum with Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"142","author":"Heidenheim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/7\/3608\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:18:26Z","timestamp":1760105906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/7\/3608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25073608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25073608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]}}}