{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:17:31Z","timestamp":1771676251240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP 19K09556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 19K09556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and abaloparatide are used to promote bone formation. However, there is no consensus about their optimal administration. We investigated the optimal administration theory for the pairing of BMP-2 and abaloparatide in a rat spinal fusion model. Group I was only implanted in carriers and saline. Carriers with 3 \u00b5g of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) were implanted in other groups. Abaloparatide injections were administered three times a week for group III (for a total amount of 120 \u00b5g\/kg in a week) and six times a week for group IV (for a total amount of 120 \u00b5g\/kg in a week) after surgery. They were euthanized 8 weeks after the surgery, and we explanted their spines at that time. We assessed them using manual palpation tests, radiography, high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histological analysis. We also analyzed serum bone metabolism markers. The fusion rate in Groups III and IV was higher than in Group I, referring to the manual palpation tests. Groups III and IV recorded greater radiographic scores than those in Groups I and II, too. Micro-CT analysis showed that Tbs. Sp in Groups III and IV was significantly lower than in Group I. Tb. N in Group IV was significantly higher than in Group I. Serum marker analysis showed that bone formation markers were higher in Groups III and IV than in Group I. On the other hand, bone resorption markers were lower in Group IV than in Group I. A histological analysis showed enhanced trabecular bone osteogenesis in Group IV. Frequent administration of abaloparatide may be suitable for the thickening of trabecular bone structure and the enhancement of osteogenesis in a rat spinal fusion model using BMP-2 in insufficient doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T12:47:11Z","timestamp":1711370831000},"page":"3655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimal Intermittent Administration Interval of Abaloparatide for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Induced Bone Formation in a Rat Spinal Fusion Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsutaro","family":"Abe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1661-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Sako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shozo","family":"Kanezaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1305-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Tsubouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Reiwa Health Sciences University, Fukuoka 811-0213, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Kaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208151-00007","article-title":"Overview of the biology of lumbar spine fusion and principles for selecting a bone graft substitute","volume":"27","author":"Boden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199306060-00001","article-title":"The role of fusion and instrumentation in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis","volume":"6","author":"Bridwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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