{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:15:58Z","timestamp":1792066558075,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The monocyte\u2013macrophage lineage of inflammatory cells is characterized by significant morphologic and functional plasticity. Macrophages have broad M1 and M2 phenotype subgroups with distinctive functions and dual reno-toxic and reno-protective effects. Macrophages are a major contributor to injury in immune-complex-mediated, as well as pauci-immune, glomerulonephritis. Macrophages are also implicated in tubulointerstitial and vascular disease, though there have not been many human studies. Patrolling monocytes in the intravascular compartment have been reported in auto-immune injury in the renal parenchyma, manifesting as acute kidney injury. Insights into the pathogenetic roles of macrophages in renal disease suggest potentially novel therapeutic and prognostic biomarkers and targeted therapy. This review provides a concise overview of the macrophage-induced pathogenetic mechanism as a background for the latest findings about macrophages\u2019 roles in different renal compartments and common renal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T12:52:12Z","timestamp":1711630332000},"page":"3763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Monocytes and Macrophages in Kidney Disease and Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Nachiappa Ganesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 605006, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luan","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.5.1159","article-title":"Macrophage recruitment during limb development and wound healing in the embryonic and foetal mouse","volume":"107","author":"Hughes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.28","article-title":"Monocyte differentiation and antigen presenting functions","volume":"17","author":"Jakubzick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.170","article-title":"Dendritic cells and macrophages in the kidney: A spectrum of good and evil","volume":"10","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.11.015","article-title":"High macrophage densities in native kidney biopsies correlate with renal dysfunction and promote ESRD","volume":"8","author":"Pfenning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_380_19","article-title":"The utility of assessing CD68 positive glomerular macrophages in assessing endocapillary hypercellularity in IgA Nephropathy","volume":"31","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13768","article-title":"Relationship between renal CD68 positive infiltrates and the Oxford classification of IgA Nephropathy","volume":"74","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.12.030","article-title":"Use of glomerular CD 68 positive cells as a surrogate marker of endocapillary hypercellularity in lupus nephritis","volume":"7","author":"Bos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06214-y","article-title":"Clinicopathological significance of tubulointerstitial CD 68 macrophages in proliferative lupus nephritis","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-015-0252-7","article-title":"Role of renal expression of CD68 in the long-term prognosis of proliferative lupus nephritis","volume":"30","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000672021","article-title":"The role of myeloid cells in acute kidney injury and kidney repair","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141539","article-title":"A dynamic spectrum of monocytes arising from the in-situ reprogramming of CCR2+ monocytes at a site of sterile injury","volume":"212","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11448","article-title":"HCV inhibits M2a, M2b and M2c macrophage polarization via HCV core protein engagement with Toll like receptor-2","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417028-5.00003-X","article-title":"A close encounter of the third kind: Monocyte derived cells","volume":"120","author":"Mildner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019121326","article-title":"Live imaging of monocyte subsets in immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis reveals distinct phenotypes and effector functions","volume":"31","author":"Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20210562","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210562","article-title":"Monocytes transition to macrophages within the inflamed vasculature via monocyte CCR2 and endothelial TNFR2","volume":"219","author":"Mysore","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125116","article-title":"Patrolling monocytes promote the pathogenesis of early lupus like glomerulonephritis","volume":"129","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0110-2","article-title":"Macrophages: Versatile players in renal inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705838","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.705838","article-title":"The role of macrophages in kidney fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034219","article-title":"Macrophages in renal injury and repair","volume":"79","author":"Huen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01641","article-title":"Androgen influenced polarization of activin A producing macrophages accompanies post-pyelonephritic renal scarring","volume":"11","author":"Hreha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00435","article-title":"The debate about dendritic cells and macrophages in the kidney","volume":"6","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07100714","article-title":"Dendritic cells and macrophages: Sentinels in the kidney","volume":"10","author":"Weixheit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2016.06.007","article-title":"Summary of ISN Forefronts symposium 2015: Immunomodulation of cardio-renal function","volume":"1","author":"Ruan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxv066","article-title":"TLR7 and TLR 9 ligands regulate antigen presentation by macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Celhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221984","article-title":"CSF-2 dependent monocyte education in the pathogenesis of ANCA-induced glomerulonephritis","volume":"81","author":"Rousselle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"513","article-title":"The detection of monocytes in human glomerulonephritis","volume":"28","author":"Ferrario","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58725-w","article-title":"M2 macrophages predict worse long-term outcomes in human acute tubular necrosis","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000454","article-title":"B-lymphocyte derived CCL7 augments neutrophil and monocyte recruitment, exacerbating acute kidney injury","volume":"205","author":"Inaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e9naut, L., Candellier, A., Boudot, C., Grissi, M., Mentaverri, R., Choukroun, G., Brazier, M., Kamel, S., and Massy, Z.A. (2019). New insights in to the roles of monocytes\/macrophages in cardiovascular calcification associated with chronic kidney disease. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090529"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00010","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages as protagonists in vascular complications of diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Kanter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31887-4","article-title":"Kidney resident macrophages promote a proangiogenic environment in the normal and chronically ischemic mouse kidney","volume":"8","author":"Puranik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14389","article-title":"Monocytes as immune targets in arterial hypertension","volume":"176","author":"Wenzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.7.1371","article-title":"RANTES and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) play an important role in the inflammatory phase of crescentic nephritis, but only MCP-1 is involved in crescent formation and interstitial fibrosis","volume":"185","author":"Lloyd","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000212","article-title":"The relationship between albuminuria, MCP-1\/CCL2, and interstitial macrophages in chronic kidney disease","volume":"69","author":"Eardley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010080881","article-title":"CXCL16 recruits bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors in renal fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14098","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511200103","article-title":"Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC\/CCL21)\/CCR7 signaling regulates fibrocytes in renal fibrosis","volume":"103","author":"Sakai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.500","article-title":"The chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 mediate monocyte\/macrophage trafficking in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36984","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6100","article-title":"Treatment of renal fibrosis by rebalancing TGF-beta\/Smad signaling with the combination of asiatic acid and naringenin","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801348","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/801348","article-title":"Present and future in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"2015","author":"Quiroga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13707","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13707","article-title":"Persistent expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and M2 macrophage markers and chronic fibrosis after acute kidney injury","volume":"6","author":"Saito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2014.7","article-title":"Macrophages promote renal fibrosis through direct and indirect mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.162","article-title":"Macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates diabetic renal injury","volume":"88","author":"Awad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.70","article-title":"Suppression of experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis by the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist","volume":"43","author":"Lan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i129","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw336","article-title":"Targeting the tyrosine kinase signalling pathways for treatment of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis: From bench to bedside and beyond","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10841","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7460","article-title":"Targeting c-fms kinase attenuates chronic aristolochic acid nephropathy in mice","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00829","article-title":"The JNK signaling pathway in renal fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Grynberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.01.023","article-title":"A role for spleen tyrosine kinase in renal fibrosis in the mouse obstructed kidney","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.08.020","article-title":"IL-4\/IL-13-mediated polarization of renal macrophages\/dendritic cells to an M2a phenotype is essential for recovery from acute kidney injury","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4021-5","article-title":"JAK inhibition in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"59","author":"Brosius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03181-4","article-title":"Effector CD4+ T cells recognize intravascular antigen presented by patrolling monocytes","volume":"9","author":"Westhorpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070726","article-title":"Galectin-3 expression and secretion links macrophages to the promotion of renal fibrosis","volume":"172","author":"Henderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4061325","article-title":"Horizon 2020 in diabetic kidney disease: The clinical trial pipeline for add-on therapies on top of renin angiotensin system blockade","volume":"4","author":"Sanz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.07.026","article-title":"The proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase Src is essential for macrophage-myofibroblast transition during renal scarring","volume":"93","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070717","article-title":"JAK3\/STAT6 stimulates bone marrow-derived fibroblast activation in renal fibrosis","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016050573","article-title":"Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition contributes to interstitial fibrosis in chronic renal allograft injury","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, G.E., Lu, Y.J., Truong, L.D., Roncal-Jim\u00e9nez, C.A., Miyazaki, M., Miyazaki-Anzai, S., Cara-Fuentes, G., Andres-Hernando, A., Lanaspa, M., and Johnson, R.J. (2021). A novel treatment for glomerular disease: Targeting the activated macrophage folate receptor with a trojan horse therapy in rats. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082113"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.06.017","article-title":"Macrophage A2A adenosine receptors are essential to protect from progressive kidney injury","volume":"186","author":"Truong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2019.06.005","article-title":"Urine macrophages reflect kidney macrophage content during acute tubular, interstitial and glomerular injury","volume":"205","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03580414","article-title":"Interobserver agreement on histopathological lesions in class III or IV lupus nephritis","volume":"10","author":"Wilhelmus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Tang, W., and Tang, W. (2019). Immune cell infiltration characteristics and related core genes in lupus nephritis: Results from bioinformatic analysis. BMC Immunol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-019-0316-x"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr797","article-title":"Characterization and quantification of proliferating cell patterns in endocapillary proliferation","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.023","article-title":"Revision of the International Society of Nephrology\/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: Clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices","volume":"93","author":"Bajema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.243","article-title":"The Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy: Rationale, clinicopathological correlations, and classification","volume":"76","author":"Cattran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy302","article-title":"Is there long-term value of pathology scoring in immunoglobulin a nephropathy? A validation study of the Oxford classification for IgA nephropathy (VALIGA) update","volume":"35","author":"Coppo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.63","article-title":"Validation of the Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy in cohorts with different presentations and treatments","volume":"86","author":"Coppo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-015-0227-8","article-title":"Prognostic value of endocapillary hypercellularity in IgA nephropathy patients with no immunosuppression","volume":"29","author":"Chakera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.08.019","article-title":"Comparison of the Haas and the Oxford classifications for prediction of renal outcome in patients with IgA nephropathy","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.126","article-title":"Validation of the Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy","volume":"80","author":"Herzenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.06.011","article-title":"A multicenter application and evaluation of the oxford classification of IgA nephropathy in adult Chinese patients","volume":"60","author":"Zeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09710913","article-title":"Association of C4d deposition with clinical outcomes in IgA nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Espinosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111130","article-title":"A clinicopathologic study of thrombotic microangiopathy in IgA nephropathy","volume":"23","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02890311","article-title":"Validation study of oxford classification of IgA nephropathy: The significance of extracapillary proliferation","volume":"6","author":"Katafuchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-2061-0","article-title":"Validity of the Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy in children","volume":"27","author":"Shima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haaskjold, Y.L., Bj\u00f8rneklett, R., Bostad, L., Bostad, L.S., Lura, N.G., and Knoop, T. (2022). Utilizing the MEST score for prognostic staging in IgA nephropathy. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02653-y"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0989-y","article-title":"CD163 positive M2c like macrophages predominate in renal biopsies from patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"18","author":"Olmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/7\/3763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:19:55Z","timestamp":1760105995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/7\/3763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25073763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25073763","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]}}}