{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:15:45Z","timestamp":1792793745473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Claudio Serfaty FAPERJ\/CNE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/201.004\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.004\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability to undergo full experience-dependent plasticity in adults. Since neuroinflammation is a known key element in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, one might expect the dysregulation of microglial function to severely impact both functional and structural plasticity, leading to the cognitive sequelae that appear in the pathogenesis of Long COVID. Therefore, understanding this complex scenario is mandatory for establishing the possible molecular mechanisms related to these symptoms. In the present review, we will discuss Long COVID and its association with reduced levels of BDNF, altered crosstalk between circulating immune cells and microglia, increased levels of inflammasomes, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the alterations in signaling pathways that impact neural synaptic remodeling and plasticity, such as fractalkines, the complement system, the expression of SIRP\u03b1 and CD47 molecules and altered matrix remodeling. Together, these complex mechanisms may help us understand consequences of Long COVID for brain development and its association with altered brain plasticity, impacting learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as cognitive decline in adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T06:33:16Z","timestamp":1711693996000},"page":"3819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["The Influence of Microglia on Neuroplasticity and Long-Term Cognitive Sequelae in Long COVID: Impacts on Brain Development and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0363-010X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana da Silva","family":"Chagas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i 24210-201, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation\u2014INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio Alberto","family":"Serfaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i 24210-201, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation\u2014INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm2052","article-title":"Nervous system consequences of COVID-19","volume":"375","author":"Spudich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03710-0","article-title":"Dysregulation of brain and choroid plexus cell types in severe COVID-19","volume":"595","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200960119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2200960119","article-title":"Morphological, cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection in COVID-19 patients","volume":"119","author":"Crunfli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. 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