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We reported at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic that neuronal-enriched or L1CAM+ extracellular vesicles (nEVs) from people with LongC contained proteins associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Since that time, a subset of people with prior COVID infection continue to report neurological problems more than three months after infection. Blood markers to better characterize LongC are elusive. To further identify neuronal proteins associated with LongC, we maximized the number of nEVs isolated from plasma by developing a hybrid EV Microfluidic Affinity Purification (EV-MAP) technique. We isolated nEVs from people with LongC and neurological complaints, AD, and HIV infection with mild cognitive impairment. Using the OLINK platform that assesses 384 neurological proteins, we identified 11 significant proteins increased in LongC and 2 decreased (BST1, GGT1). Fourteen proteins were increased in AD and forty proteins associated with HIV cognitive impairment were elevated with one decreased (IVD). One common protein (BST1) was decreased in LongC and increased in HIV. Six proteins (MIF, ENO1, MESD, NUDT5, TNFSF14 and FYB1) were expressed in both LongC and AD and no proteins were common to HIV and AD. This study begins to identify differences and similarities in the neuronal response to LongC versus AD and HIV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:42:30Z","timestamp":1711892550000},"page":"3830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Microfluidic Isolation of Neuronal-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Shows Distinct and Common Neurological Proteins in Long COVID, HIV Infection and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lynn","family":"Pulliam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"McCafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Soper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA"},{"name":"Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata A.","family":"Witek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith M.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2181-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kapogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marshall J.","family":"Glesby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Merenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis C.","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Freasier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cook County Health, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9663-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica M.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igho","family":"Ofotokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan E.","family":"Lake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, 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