{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:50:54Z","timestamp":1789750254654,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Drexel University Coulter Translational Research Award"},{"name":"the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infections Disease"},{"name":"National Science Foundation Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong pathogen characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), with periodic outbreaks of cold sores caused by virus reactivation in the TG and subsequent replication in the oral mucosa. While antiviral therapies can provide relief from cold sores, they are unable to eliminate HSV-1. We provide experimental results that highlight non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a new alternative therapy for HSV-1 infection that would resolve cold sores faster and reduce the establishment of latent infection in the TG. Additionally, this study is the first to explore the use of NTP as a therapy that can both treat and prevent human viral infections. The antiviral effect of NTP was investigated using an in vitro model of HSV-1 epithelial infection that involved the application of NTP from two separate devices to cell-free HSV-1, HSV-1-infected cells, and uninfected cells. It was found that NTP reduced the infectivity of cell-free HSV-1, reduced viral replication in HSV-1-infected cells, and diminished the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HSV-1 infection. This triad of antiviral mechanisms of action suggests the potential of NTP as a therapeutic agent effective against HSV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:42:30Z","timestamp":1711892550000},"page":"3839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Non-Thermal Plasma Reduces HSV-1 Infection of and Replication in HaCaT Keratinocytes In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Sutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jascha","family":"Brettschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5211-0936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Wigdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3346-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Bruggeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1530-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred C.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-2299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vandana","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16157.1","article-title":"Clinical management of herpes simplex virus infections: Past, present, and future","volume":"7","author":"Whitley","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.11.010","article-title":"Modeling the pathology, immune responses, and kinetics of HSV-1 replication in the lip scarification model","volume":"514","author":"Egan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Packard, J.E., and Dembowski, J.A. 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