{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:31:44Z","timestamp":1787898704756,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"SFI-HRB-Wellcome Trust partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204814\/Z\/16\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204814\/Z\/16\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited genetic disorder which manifests primarily in airway disease. Recent advances in molecular technologies have unearthed the diverse polymicrobial nature of the CF airway. Numerous studies have characterised the genus-level composition of this airway community using targeted 16S rDNA sequencing. Here, we employed whole-genome shotgun metagenomics to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the early CF airway microbiome. We collected 48 sputum samples from 11 adolescents and children with CF over a 12-month period and performed shotgun metagenomics on the Illumina NextSeq platform. We carried out functional and taxonomic analysis of the lung microbiome at the species and strain levels. Correlations between microbial diversity measures and independent demographic and clinical variables were performed. Shotgun metagenomics detected a greater diversity of bacteria than culture-based methods. A large proportion of the top 25 most-dominant species were anaerobes. Samples dominated by Staphylococcus aureus and Prevotella melaninogenica had significantly higher microbiome diversity, while no CF pathogen was associated with reduced microbial diversity. There was a diverse resistome present in all samples in this study, with 57.8% agreement between shotgun metagenomics and culture-based methods for detection of resistance. Pathogenic sequence types (STs) of S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were observed to persist in young CF patients, while STs of S. aureus were both persistent and shared between patients. This study provides new insight into the temporal changes in strain level composition of the microbiome and the landscape of the resistome in young people with CF. Shotgun metagenomics could provide a very useful one-stop assay for detecting pathogens, emergence of resistance and conversion to persistent colonisation in early CF disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:42:30Z","timestamp":1711892550000},"page":"3893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Insights into the Adolescent Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome Using Shotgun Metagenomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gillian","family":"McDermott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Centre for Health Science, Clinical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Trinity College Dublin, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 R229 Co Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Crispie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 R229 Co Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, D24 NR0 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8798-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Greally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, D24 NR0 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Hermitage Medical Clinic, Lucan, D20 W722 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5465-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul D.","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 R229 Co Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orla","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 R229 Co Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5060-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Renwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Centre for Health Science, Clinical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Trinity College Dublin, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/322467a0","article-title":"Chloride and potassium channels in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia","volume":"322","author":"Welsh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200304-505SO","article-title":"Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis","volume":"168","author":"Gibson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. 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