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Medicinal Plants","award":["KL2020ZZ05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2020ZZ05"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funding Project of Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants","award":["202003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolisms participate in N source-regulated secondary metabolism in medicinal plants, but the specific mechanisms involved remain to be investigated. By using nitrate (NN), ammonium (AN), urea (UN), and glycine (GN), respectively, as sole N sources, we found that N sources remarkably affected the contents of diterpenoid lactone components along with C and N metabolisms reprograming in Andrographis paniculata, as compared to NN, the other three N sources raised the levels of 14-deoxyandrographolide, andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide (except UN), and neoandrographolide (except AN) with a prominent accumulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). These N sources also raised the photosynthetic rate and the levels of fructose and\/or sucrose but reduced the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Conversely, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and malate enzyme (ME) activities were upregulated. Simultaneously, citrate, cis-aconitate and isocitrate levels declined, and N assimilation was inhibited. These results indicated that AN, UN and GN reduced the metabolic flow of carbohydrates from glycolysis into the TCA cycle and downstream N assimilation. Furthermore, they enhanced arginine and GABA metabolism, which increased C replenishment of the TCA cycle, and increased ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) levels. Thus, we proposed that the N sources reprogrammed C and N metabolism, attenuating the competition of N assimilation for C, and promoting the synthesis and accumulation of andrographolide through plant hormone signaling. To obtain a higher production of andrographolide in A. paniculata, AN fertilizer is recommended in its N management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T08:42:34Z","timestamp":1712133754000},"page":"3990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Nitrogen Sources Reprogram Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism to Promote Andrographolide Biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Seedlings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shaofen","family":"Jian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2779-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.01.006","article-title":"The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. 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