{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:21:49Z","timestamp":1785428509770,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melatonin\u2019s cytoprotective properties may have therapeutic implications in treating ocular diseases like glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Literature data suggest that melatonin could potentially protect ocular tissues by decreasing the production of free radicals and pro-inflammatory mediators. This study aims to summarize the screened articles on melatonin\u2019s clinical, pharmacological, and formulation evaluation in treating ocular disorders. The identification of relevant studies on the topic in focus was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. The studies were searched in the following databases and web search engines: Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Reaxys, Google Scholar, Google Patents, Espacenet, and Patentscope. The search time interval was 2013\u20132023, with the following keywords: melatonin AND ocular OR ophthalmic AND formulation OR insert AND disease. Our key conclusion was that using melatonin-loaded nano-delivery systems enabled the improved permeation of the molecule into intraocular tissues and assured controlled release profiles. Although preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of developed formulations, a considerable gap has been observed in the clinical translation of the results. To overcome this failure, revising the preclinical experimental phase might be useful by selecting endpoints close to clinical ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T08:42:34Z","timestamp":1712133754000},"page":"3999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Clinical, Pharmacological, and Formulation Evaluation of Melatonin in the Treatment of Ocular Disorders\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alessia","family":"Romeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2648-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienn","family":"Kazsoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes Endre Street 7\u20139, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2299-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Musumeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rom\u00e1na","family":"Zelk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes Endre Street 7\u20139, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)69351-2","article-title":"Isolation of Melatonin and 5-Methoxyindole-3-acetic Acid from Bovine Pineal Glands","volume":"235","author":"Lerner","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. 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