{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T02:02:10Z","timestamp":1772071330907,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Romania","award":["1300\/48\/13.01.2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1300\/48\/13.01.2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most frequent predictors of obstetric outcome among Romanian pregnant women. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of rs7903146 (C\/T) TCF7L2 gene polymorphism in the presence of GDM and to evaluate the influence on maternal-fetal outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women from Northern Transylvania. Our prospective case\u2013control study was performed in a tertiary maternity center on 61 patients diagnosed with GDM and 55 normal pregnant patients. The patients were genotyped for rs7903146 (C\/T) polymorphism of the TCF7L2 gene using the PCR-RFLP method between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. The minor T allele was associated with a high risk of developing GDM (OR 1.71 [95% CI 0.82\u20133.59]) if both heterozygote and homozygote types were considered. Also, a higher risk of developing GDM was observed in homozygous carriers (OR 3.26 [95% CI 1.10\u20139.68]). Women with the TT genotype were more likely to require insulin therapy during pregnancy than other genotypes with a 5.67-fold increased risk ([1.61\u201319.97], p = 0.015). TT homozygote type was significantly associated with fetal macrosomia for birth weights greater than the 95th percentile (p = 0.034). The homozygous TT genotype is associated with an increased risk of developing GDM. Also, rs7903146 (C\/T) TCF7L2 variant is accompanied by a high probability of developing insulin-dependent gestational diabetes mellitus (ID-GDM). The presence of at least one minor T allele was associated with a higher risk of fetal macrosomia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T10:42:03Z","timestamp":1712227323000},"page":"4039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["TCF7L2 Polymorphism rs7903146 (C\/T) and Gestational Diabetes Influence on Obstetric Outcome: A Romanian Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8162-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Cruciat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother and Child Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology I, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea Roxana","family":"Florian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother and Child Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology I, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam-Suzana","family":"Chaikh-Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother and Child Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology I, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina","family":"Staicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother and Child Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology I, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Valentina","family":"Caracostea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother and Child Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology I, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4738-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia Maria","family":"Procopciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Stamatian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imogen Clinical Research Centre, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Muresan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother and Child Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology I, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2717","article-title":"Trends in incidence of diabetes in pregnancy and serious perinatal outcomes: A large, population-based study in Ontario, Canada, 1996\u20132010","volume":"37","author":"Feig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.06.024","article-title":"A gene variant in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"180","author":"Olza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2008.09.004","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes: New genes, new understanding","volume":"24","author":"Prokopenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Genet. TIG"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1732","article-title":"Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Grant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13129","article-title":"Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Nauck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1169","article-title":"TCF7L2 variant rs7903146 affects the risk of type 2 diabetes by modulating incretin action","volume":"59","author":"Villareal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1008-9223","article-title":"Clinical Impact of the TCF7L2 Gene rs7903146 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Polymorphism in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Impaired Glycemic Control and Increased Need of Insulin Therapy","volume":"128","author":"Potasso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2020.100069","article-title":"TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism modulates the association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Barabash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab. Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cauchi, S., Meyre, D., Choquet, H., Deghmoun, S., Durand, E., Gaget, S., Lecoeur, C., Froguel, P., and Levy-Marchal, C. (2007). TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant does not associate with smallness for gestational age in the French population. BMC Med. Genet., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-8-37"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0656-6","article-title":"Variants of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene predict conversion to type 2 diabetes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study and are associated with impaired glucose regulation and impaired insulin secretion","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, W., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Han, Z., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z., and Jin, S. (2018). Meta-analysis of association between TCF7L2 polymorphism rs7903146 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Med. Genet., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-018-0553-5"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.32725\/jab.2020.007","article-title":"Circulating levels of selected adipokines in women with gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Karasek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.663831","article-title":"Transcription factor 7-like 2 gene polymorphisms and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1336","article-title":"Common type 2 diabetes risk gene variants associate with gestational diabetes","volume":"94","author":"Lauenborg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0623-2","article-title":"A variant in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"50","author":"Shaat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0286","article-title":"Association of risk variants for type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemia with gestational diabetes","volume":"169","author":"Huopio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30686","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30686","article-title":"Polymorphisms in TCF7L2 gene are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese Han population","volume":"6","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P.C., Lin, W.T., Yeh, Y.H., and Wung, S.F. (2016). Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7903146 Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153044"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/15257770.2023.2248201","article-title":"Association of common variants of TCF7L2 and PCSK2 with gestational diabetes mellitus in West Bengal, India","volume":"43","author":"Basu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Zhang, M., Ren, J., and Jiang, X. (2024). Correlation between TCF7L2 and CAPN10 gene polymorphisms and gestational diabetes mellitus in different geographical regions: A meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-06177-1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30706","article-title":"Mechanisms by which common variants in the TCF7L2 gene increase risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"117","author":"Lyssenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-023-01209-0","article-title":"Impaired glucolipid metabolism in gestational diabetes mellitus with T variation of TCF7L2 rs7903146: A case\u2013control study","volume":"44","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firneisz, G., Rosta, K., Al-Aissa, Z., Hadarits, O., Harreiter, J., N\u00e1dasdi, \u00c1., Bancher-Todesca, D., N\u00e9meth, L., Igaz, P., and Rig\u00f3, J. (2018). The MTNR1B rs10830963 Variant in Interaction with Pre-Pregnancy BMI Is a Pharmacogenetic Marker for the Initiation of Antenatal Insulin Therapy in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123734"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, T., and Klemetti, M.M. (2022). Genetic Risk Factors and Gene-Lifestyle Interactions in Gestational Diabetes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224799"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1086\/518517","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes TCF7L2 risk genotypes alter birth weight: A study of 24,053 individuals","volume":"80","author":"Freathy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-023-00729-y","article-title":"Genetic contributions to risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Hughes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2013.143","article-title":"IADPSG criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus and predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Woodward, P.J., Kennedy, A., Sohaey, R., Byrne, J.L.B., Oh, K.Y., and Puchalski, M.D. (2016). Diagnostic Imaging: Obstetrics, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"343","article-title":"Is TCF7L2 variant associated with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease progression? Results of a family-based study","volume":"68","author":"Grzeszczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Hyg. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/7\/4039\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:23:35Z","timestamp":1760106215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/7\/4039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25074039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25074039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}}}