{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:55:20Z","timestamp":1781272520890,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1A6A1A03015713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A6A1A03015713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1H1A1101135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1H1A1101135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1C1C1005165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1C1C1005165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases, and involves tissue remodeling. One of the key mechanisms of tissue remodeling is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which also represents one of the pathophysiological processes of CRS observed in CRSwNP tissues. To date, many transcription factors and forms of extracellular stimulation have been found to regulate the EMT process. However, it is not known whether gangliosides, which are the central molecules of plasma membranes, involved in regulating signal transmission pathways, are involved in the EMT process. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of gangliosides in the EMT process. First, we confirmed that N-cadherin, which is a known mesenchymal marker, and ganglioside GD3 were specifically expressed in CRSwNP_NP tissues. Subsequently, we investigated whether the administration of TNF-\u03b1 to human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) resulted in the upregulation of ganglioside GD3 and its synthesizing enzyme, ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialytransferase 1 (ST8Sia1), and the consequently promoted inflammatory processes. Additionally, the expression of N-cadherin, Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (SLUG), and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) were elevated, but that of E-cadherin, which is known to be epithelial, was reduced. Moreover, the inhibition of ganglioside GD3 expression by the siRNA or exogenous treatment of neuraminidase 3 (NEU 3) led to the suppression of inflammation and EMT. These results suggest that gangliosides may play an important role in prevention and therapy for inflammation and EMT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T08:27:52Z","timestamp":1712305672000},"page":"4054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ganglioside GD3 Regulates Inflammation and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ji Hyeon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Sung","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Ok","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Kug","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Glycoscience, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeku","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Priority Research Center, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1230-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Yeup","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.009","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis pathogenesis","volume":"136","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"151","article-title":"State-of-the-art overview on biological treatment for CRSwNP","volume":"59","author":"Hellings","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2012.0015","article-title":"Imaging of sinonasal tumours","volume":"12","author":"Eggesbo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-7-13","article-title":"Systems biology approaches to understanding Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in mucosal remodeling and signaling in asthma","volume":"7","author":"Ijaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-016-0409-7","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Differences Revealed Between Epithelial Cells from Nasal Polyps and Inferior Turbinates","volume":"65","author":"Konnecke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12503","article-title":"Features of mesenchymal transition in the airway epithelium from chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"69","author":"Hupin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1835","article-title":"Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions","volume":"7","author":"Thiery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14044","article-title":"Novel findings in immunopathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis and their role in a model of precision medicine","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5764","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208927","article-title":"TGF-beta and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions","volume":"24","author":"Zavadil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000701","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in neutrophilic chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"21","author":"Ryu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201109-1706OC","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 mediates nasal polypogenesis by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"185","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-009-0031-4","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps: What is the difference?","volume":"9","author":"Huvenne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1159\/000524950","article-title":"The Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"183","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)30565-3","article-title":"Bifunctional role of glycosphingolipids. Modulators for transmembrane signaling and mediators for cellular interactions","volume":"265","author":"Hakomori","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09657.x","article-title":"Signal transduction through glyco(sphingo)lipids. Introduction and recent studies on glyco(sphingo)lipid-enriched microdomains","volume":"845","author":"Hakomori","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.50.070181.003505","article-title":"Glycosphingolipids in cellular interaction, differentiation, and oncogenesis","volume":"50","author":"Hakomori","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172380699","article-title":"Glycosylation defining cancer malignancy: New wine in an old bottle","volume":"99","author":"Hakomori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02358-z","article-title":"Glucocorticoids ameliorate TGF-beta1-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of airway epithelium through MAPK and Snail\/Slug signaling pathways","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02484.x","article-title":"Developmental changes in ganglioside composition and synthesis in embryonic rat brain","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)61938-X","article-title":"Development regulation of ganglioside metabolism","volume":"101","author":"Yu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20120189","article-title":"Ganglioside GM3 participates in the TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human lens epithelial cells","volume":"449","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3390\/cells2040751","article-title":"How Do Gangliosides Regulate RTKs Signaling?","volume":"2","author":"Julien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201439333","article-title":"Zeb1 affects epithelial cell adhesion by diverting glycosphingolipid metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Mathow","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15001","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2015.1","article-title":"Sphingolipids modulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer","volume":"1","author":"Levade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.245","article-title":"GD3 synthase regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in breast cancer","volume":"34","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-004-9602-3","article-title":"Ganglioside GM3 inhibits proliferation and invasion of glioma","volume":"71","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewald, J.H., Colomb, F., Bobowski-Gerard, M., Groux-Degroote, S., and Delannoy, P. (2016). Role of Cytokine-Induced Glycosylation Changes in Regulating Cell Interactions and Cell Signaling in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer. Cells, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells5040043"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino12.000","article-title":"EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists","volume":"50","author":"Fokkens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100401","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis","volume":"12","author":"Schleimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37021","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404531200","article-title":"Neu4, a novel human lysosomal lumen sialidase, confers normal phenotype to sialidosis and galactosialidosis cells","volume":"279","author":"Seyrantepe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smutova, V., Albohy, A., Pan, X., Korchagina, E., Miyagi, T., Bovin, N., Cairo, C.W., and Pshezhetsky, A.V. (2014). Structural basis for substrate specificity of mammalian neuraminidases. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106320"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.037","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of nasal mucus samples of healthy patients and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"147","author":"Kao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205","article-title":"Cancer-related inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Mantovani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.200900043","article-title":"Inflammation and EMT: An alliance towards organ fibrosis and cancer progression","volume":"1","author":"Nieto","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"140","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"61","article-title":"TGF-beta1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps through microRNA-182","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106151","article-title":"IGFBP2 derived from PO-MSCs promote epithelial barrier destruction by activating FAK signaling in nasal polyps","volume":"26","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesuraca, M., Nistico, C., Lombardo, N., Piazzetta, G.L., Lobello, N., and Chiarella, E. (2022). Cellular and Biochemical Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Killian Nasal Polyp. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113214"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7461","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902368106","article-title":"Specific glycosphingolipids mediate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of human and mouse epithelial cell lines","volume":"106","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewald, J.H., Cavdarli, S., Steenackers, A., Delannoy, C.P., Mortuaire, M., Spriet, C., Noel, M., Groux-Degroote, S., and Delannoy, P. (2018). TNF differentially regulates ganglioside biosynthesis and expression in breast cancer cell lines. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196369"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wang, H.S., Zhou, B.H., Li, C.L., Zhang, F., Wang, X.F., Zhang, G., Bu, X.Z., Cai, S.H., and Du, J. (2013). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TNF-alpha requires AKT\/GSK-3beta-mediated stabilization of snail in colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056664"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2287","article-title":"TNF-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"214","author":"Bradley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23243","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300096200","article-title":"Interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induce MUC5AC overexpression through a mechanism involving ERK\/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases-MSK1-CREB activation in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"278","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-20-3375","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes airway mucus hypersecretion by repressing miR-146a-5p and miR-134-5p levels in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489950180261","article-title":"Effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta on mucin, lysozyme, IL-6 and IL-8 in passage-2 normal human nasal epithelial cells","volume":"119","author":"Yoon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Liu, B., Bao, X., Zhou, P., and Li, J. (2023). TNF-alpha Regulates the Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha Expression in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Via p65-NF-kappab and p38-MAPK Signaling Pathways. Iran. J. Biotechnol., 21."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.07.005","article-title":"Gangliosides are involved in neural differentiation of human dental pulp-derived stem cells","volume":"387","author":"Ryu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GLYC.0000043294.62504.2c","article-title":"Glycosphingolipids and mitochondria: Role in apoptosis and disease","volume":"20","author":"Morales","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"710","article-title":"Ganglioside GD3 enhances the anti-tumor effect of doxorubicin on hepatoma cells","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500167179","article-title":"The ganglioside GD3 as the Greek goddess Hecate: Several faces turned towards as many directions","volume":"57","author":"Malisan","year":"2005","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.08.005","article-title":"Dietary gangliosides increase the content and molecular percentage of ether phospholipids containing 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 in weanling rat intestine","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(98)00071-1","article-title":"Neonatal dietary gangliosides","volume":"53","author":"Rueda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(90)90414-T","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor enhances GD3 ganglioside expression in cultured human melanocytes","volume":"281","author":"Furukawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.02.038","article-title":"UVB-irradiated keratinocytes induce melanoma-associated ganglioside GD3 synthase gene in melanocytes via secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6","volume":"445","author":"Miyata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbaexp.2007.08.001","article-title":"Expression of the human CMP-NeuAc:GM3 alpha2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3 synthase) gene through the NF-kappaB activation in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells","volume":"1769","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-009-0012-4","article-title":"Valproic acid induces transcriptional activation of human GD3 synthase (hST8Sia I) in SK-N-BE(2)-C human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"27","author":"Kwon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobowski, M., Vincent, A., Steenackers, A., Colomb, F., Van Seuningen, I., Julien, S., and Delannoy, P. (2013). Estradiol represses the G(D3) synthase gene ST8SIA1 expression in human breast cancer cells by preventing NFkappaB binding to ST8SIA1 promoter. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062559"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51333-3","article-title":"TNFalpha-signal and cAMP-mediated signals oppositely regulate melanoma- associated ganglioside GD3 synthase gene in human melanocytes","volume":"9","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2318(10)64007-3","article-title":"Sialidases in vertebrates: A family of enzymes tailored for several cell functions","volume":"64","author":"Monti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20423","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R110.134452","article-title":"Common and uncommon pathogenic cascades in lysosomal storage diseases","volume":"285","author":"Vitner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00417","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory paradigms in lysosomal storage diseases","volume":"9","author":"Bosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L876","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00322.2013","article-title":"Human airway epithelia express catalytically active NEU3 sialidase","volume":"306","author":"Lillehoj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"3827684","article-title":"Fostering Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Sphingolipid Strategies to Join Forces","volume":"2016","author":"Riboni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.02.155","article-title":"Overexpression of membrane sialic acid-specific sialidase Neu3 inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"356","author":"Moon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20200360","article-title":"Role of sialidase Neu3 and ganglioside GM3 in cardiac fibroblasts activation","volume":"477","author":"Ghiroldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111181","article-title":"Glycosphingolipids are mediators of cancer plasticity through independent signaling pathways","volume":"40","author":"Cumin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(85)90419-1","article-title":"A solvent partition method for microscale ganglioside purification","volume":"146","author":"Ladisch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/7\/4054\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:23:43Z","timestamp":1760106223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/7\/4054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25074054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25074054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]}}}