{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:33:21Z","timestamp":1792514001023,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our study aimed to explore the potential positive effects of cold water exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle energy metabolism in aging rats. The study involved 32 male and 32 female rats aged 15 months, randomly assigned to control sedentary animals, animals training in cold water at 5 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C, or animals training in water at thermal comfort temperature (36 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C). The rats underwent swimming training for nine weeks, gradually increasing the duration of the sessions from 2 min to 4 min per day, five days a week. The results demonstrated that swimming in thermally comfortable water improved the energy metabolism of aging rat muscles (increased metabolic rates expressed as increased ATP, ADP concentration, TAN (total adenine nucleotide) and AEC (adenylate energy charge value)) and increased mRNA and protein expression of fusion regulatory proteins. Similarly, cold-water swimming improved muscle energy metabolism in aging rats, as shown by an increase in muscle energy metabolites and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. It can be concluded that the additive effect of daily activity in cold water influenced both an increase in the rate of energy metabolism in the muscles of the studied animals and an intensification of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics (related to fusion and fragmentation processes). Daily activity in warm water also resulted in an increase in the rate of energy metabolism in muscles, but at the same time did not cause significant changes in mitochondrial dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T08:27:52Z","timestamp":1712305672000},"page":"4055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Effect of Cold-Water Swimming on Energy Metabolism, Dynamics, and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Muscles of Aging Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Bosiacki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3869-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Tarnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, \u017bo\u0142nierska Str. 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7880-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Misiakiewicz-Has","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-5409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lubkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, \u017bo\u0142nierska Str. 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: Global epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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