{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:09:00Z","timestamp":1782835740094,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Scholarship Council","award":["201706170055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201706170055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and smokers have a higher incidence of intestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the transcriptomic changes in the lungs and intestines, and the fecal microbial composition after cigarette smoke exposure. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke and their lung and ileum tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing. The top 15 differentially expressed genes were investigated in publicly available gene expression datasets of COPD and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) patients. The murine microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Increased expression of MMP12, GPNMB, CTSK, CD68, SPP1, CCL22, and ITGAX was found in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice and COPD patients. Changes in the intestinal expression of CD79B, PAX5, and FCRLA were observed in the ileum of cigarette smoke-exposed mice and CD patients. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine profiles and adhesion molecules in both the lungs and intestines of cigarette smoke-exposed mice were profoundly changed. An altered intestinal microbiota composition and a reduction in bacterial diversity was observed in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Altered gene expression in the murine lung was detected after cigarette smoke exposure, which might simulate COPD-like alterations. The transcriptomic changes in the intestine of cigarette smoke-exposed mice had some similarities with those of CD patients and were associated with changes in the intestinal microbiome. Future research could benefit from investigating the specific mechanisms underlying the observed gene expression changes due to cigarette smoke exposure, focusing on identifying potential therapeutic targets for COPD and CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T08:27:52Z","timestamp":1712305672000},"page":"4058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gut Microbiome and Transcriptomic Changes in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Mice Compared to COPD and CD Patient Datasets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pim J.","family":"Koelink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism (AGEM), 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Garssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0630-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"Folkerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1078-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A. 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