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However, unlike conventional grafts obtained through donation after brain death, DCD cardiac grafts are not only exposed to warm, unprotected ischemia, but also to a potentially damaging pre-ischemic phase after withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (WLST). In this review, we aim to bring together knowledge about changes in cardiac energy metabolism and its regulation that occur in DCD donors during WLST, circulatory arrest, and following the onset of warm ischemia. Acute metabolic, hemodynamic, and biochemical changes in the DCD donor expose hearts to high circulating catecholamines, hypoxia, and warm ischemia, all of which can negatively impact the heart. Further metabolic changes and cellular damage occur with reperfusion. The altered energy substrate availability prior to organ procurement likely plays an important role in graft quality and post-ischemic cardiac recovery. These aspects should, therefore, be considered in clinical protocols, as well as in pre-clinical DCD models. Notably, interventions prior to graft procurement are limited for ethical reasons in DCD donors; thus, it is important to understand these mechanisms to optimize conditions during initial reperfusion in concert with graft evaluation and re-evaluation for the purpose of tailoring and adjusting therapies and ensuring optimal graft quality for transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T08:55:12Z","timestamp":1712652912000},"page":"4153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Metabolic Considerations in Direct Procurement and Perfusion Protocols with DCD Heart Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4146-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Large","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Papworth Hospital, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Helmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Siepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8489-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Longnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.08.003","article-title":"The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-Second Official Adult Heart Transplantation Report\u20142015; Focus Theme: Early Graft Failure","volume":"34","author":"Lund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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