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However, there is little known on the human corneal epithelium of health risk when exposed to TPP. In this study, human normal corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were used to investigate the cell viability, morphology, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential after they were exposed to TPP, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that TPP decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 220 \u03bcM. Furthermore, TPP significantly induced HCEC apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner, and changed the mRNA levels of the apoptosis biomarker genes (Cyt c, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax). The results showed that TPP induced cytotoxicity in HCECs, eventually leading to apoptosis and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathways may be involved in TPP-induced HCEC apoptosis. This study provides a reference for the human corneal toxicity of TPP, indicating that the risks of OPFR to human health cannot be ignored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T08:55:12Z","timestamp":1712652912000},"page":"4155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Organophosphorus Flame Retardant TPP-Induced Human Corneal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis through Caspase-Dependent Mitochondrial Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daolei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danlei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0870-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065","article-title":"A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment","volume":"473\u2013474","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. 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