{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:36:51Z","timestamp":1778107011233,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ARVI. Odv (Amici del Rene Vicenza Organizzazione di Volontariato)"},{"name":"IRRIV Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Erythrocytes (RBCs) have a highly specialized and organized membrane structure and undergo programmed cell death, known as eryptosis. Our preliminary data show a significant increase in the eryptosis during peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis. The objectives of the present study were assessment of the incrementation of eryptosis in PD patients with peritonitis, evaluation of the relationship between systemic eryptosis in peritonitis and specific peritonitis biomarkers in PD effluent (PDE), and confirmation of the induction of eryptosis by peritonitis in a vitro setting. We enrolled 22 PD patients with peritonitis and 17 healthy subjects (control group, CTR). For the in vivo study, eryptosis was measured in freshly isolated RBCs. For the in vitro study, healthy RBCs were exposed to the plasma of 22 PD patients with peritonitis and the plasma of the CTR group for 2, 4, and 24 h. Eryptosis was evaluated by flow cytometric analyses in vivo and in vitro. PDE samples were collected for biomarkers analysis.The percentage of eryptotic RBCs was significantly higher in PD patients with peritonitis than in CTR (PD patients with peritonitis: 7.7; IQR 4.3\u201314.2, versus CTR: 0.8; IQR 0.7\u20131.3; p &lt; 0.001). We confirmed these in vivo results by in vitro experiments: healthy RBCs incubated with plasma from PD patients with peritonitis demonstrated a significant increase in eryptosis compared to healthy RBCs exposed to plasma from the control group at all times. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between eryptosis level and all analyzed peritoneal biomarkers of peritonitis. We investigated a potential connection between systemic eryptosis and peritoneal biomarkers of peritonitis. Up-regulation of inflammatory markers could explain the increased rate of systemic eryptosis during PD-related peritonitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1712914086000},"page":"4284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Peritoneal Inflammation in PD-Related Peritonitis Induces Systemic Eryptosis: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7934-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia Maria","family":"Virz\u00ec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"},{"name":"IRRIV\u2014International Renal Research Institute, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0753-3326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Morisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRRIV\u2014International Renal Research Institute, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Marturano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"},{"name":"IRRIV\u2014International Renal Research Institute, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Milan Manani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"},{"name":"IRRIV\u2014International Renal Research Institute, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Tantillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"},{"name":"IRRIV\u2014International Renal Research Institute, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ronco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRRIV\u2014International Renal Research Institute, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"},{"name":"IRRIV\u2014International Renal Research Institute, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080902900314","article-title":"Peritonitis remains the major clinical complication of peritoneal dialysis: The London, UK, peritonitis audit 2002\u20132003","volume":"29","author":"Davenport","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perit. 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