{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:59:15Z","timestamp":1760144355493,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["Grant ID RC 27\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant ID RC 27\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory infections are common in pregnancy with conflicting evidence supporting their association with neonatal congenital anomalies, especially during the first trimester. We profiled cytokine and chemokine systemic responses in 242 pregnant women and their newborns after SARS-CoV-2 infection, acquired in different trimesters. Also, we tested transplacental IgG passage and maternal vaginal\u2013rectal microbiomes. IgG transplacental passage was evident, especially with infection acquired in the first trimester. G-CSF concentration\u2014involved in immune cell recruitment\u2014decreased in infected women compared to uninfected ones: a beneficial event for the reduction of inflammation but detrimental to ability to fight infections at birth. The later the infection was acquired, the higher the systemic concentration of IL-8, IP-10, and MCP-1, associated with COVID-19 disease severity. All infected women showed dysbiosis of vaginal and rectal microbiomes, compared to uninfected ones. Two newborns tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 within the first 48 h of life. Notably, their mothers had acute infection at delivery. Although respiratory infections in pregnancy are reported to affect babies\u2019 health, with SARS-CoV-2 acquired early during gestation this risk seems low because of the maternal immune response. The observed vaginal and rectal dysbiosis could be relevant for neonatal microbiome establishment, although in our series immediate neonatal outcomes were reassuring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T11:09:20Z","timestamp":1712920160000},"page":"4298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genital Dysbiosis and Different Systemic Immune Responses Based on the Trimester of Pregnancy in SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Sorz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2013IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3456-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Cason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Zanotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Gionechetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2013IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca Maria","family":"Uliana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ballaminut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8031-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2013IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"De Seta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2013IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Maso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2013IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manola","family":"Comar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo 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