{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:45:50Z","timestamp":1788983150075,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-75-10131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-75-10131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["95444211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["95444211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004285","name":"Saint Petersburg State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-75-10131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-75-10131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004285","name":"Saint Petersburg State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["95444211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["95444211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiotonic steroids (CTSs), such as digoxin, are used for heart failure treatment. However, digoxin permeates the brain\u2013blood barrier (BBB), affecting central nervous system (CNS) functions. Finding a CTS that does not pass through the BBB would increase CTSs\u2019 applicability in the clinic and decrease the risk of side effects on the CNS. This study aimed to investigate the tissue distribution of the CTS ouabain following intraperitoneal injection and whether ouabain passes through the BBB. After intraperitoneal injection (1.25 mg\/kg), ouabain concentrations were measured at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h using HPLC\u2013MS in brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissues and blood plasma in C57\/black mice. Ouabain was undetectable in the brain tissue. Plasma: Cmax = 882.88 \u00b1 21.82 ng\/g; Tmax = 0.08 \u00b1 0.01 h; T1\/2 = 0.15 \u00b1 0.02 h; MRT = 0.26 \u00b1 0.01. Cardiac tissue: Cmax = 145.24 \u00b1 44.03 ng\/g (undetectable at 60 min); Tmax = 0.08 \u00b1 0.02 h; T1\/2 = 0.23 \u00b1 0.09 h; MRT = 0.38 \u00b1 0.14 h. Kidney tissue: Cmax = 1072.3 \u00b1 260.8 ng\/g; Tmax = 0.35 \u00b1 0.19 h; T1\/2 = 1.32 \u00b1 0.76 h; MRT = 1.41 \u00b1 0.71 h. Liver tissue: Cmax = 2558.0 \u00b1 382.4 ng\/g; Tmax = 0.35 \u00b1 0.13 h; T1\/2 = 1.24 \u00b1 0.7 h; MRT = 0.98 \u00b1 0.33 h. Unlike digoxin, ouabain does not cross the BBB and is eliminated quicker from all the analyzed tissues, giving it a potential advantage over digoxin in systemic administration. However, the inability of ouabain to pass though the BBB necessitates intracerebral administration when used to investigate its effects on the CNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T10:24:26Z","timestamp":1713176666000},"page":"4318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Ouabain\u2019s Tissue Distribution in C57\/Black Mice Following Intraperitoneal Injection, Using Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis A.","family":"Abaimov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoye Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogneda B.","family":"Kazanskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoye Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Biological Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7\/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslan A.","family":"Ageldinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Center for Biomedical Technologies of the Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia, 119435 Krasnogorsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim S.","family":"Nesterov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Center for Biomedical Technologies of the Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia, 119435 Krasnogorsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia A.","family":"Timoshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoye Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina I.","family":"Platova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mental Health Research Center, Kashirskoye Shosse 34, 115522 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina J.","family":"Aristova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7\/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7\/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7633-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina S.","family":"Vinogradskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-State Private Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education, Moscow University for Industry and Finance \u201cSynergy\u201d, Meshchanskaya Street, 9\/14, Building 1, 129090 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana N.","family":"Fedorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoye Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0724-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna B.","family":"Volnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7\/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7\/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul R.","family":"Gainetdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7\/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Saint-Petersburg University Hospital, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Lopachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoye Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7\/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.108.000711","article-title":"Endogenous cardiotonic steroids: Physiology, pharmacology, and novel therapeutic targets","volume":"61","author":"Bagrov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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