{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:05:31Z","timestamp":1790813131622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI172097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI172097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI138970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI138970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shigellosis is a severe gastrointestinal disease that annually affects approximately 270 million individuals globally. It has particularly high morbidity and mortality in low-income regions; however, it is not confined to these regions and occurs in high-income nations when conditions allow. The ill effects of shigellosis are at their highest in children ages 2 to 5, with survivors often exhibiting impaired growth due to infection-induced malnutrition. The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance further amplifies shigellosis as a serious public health concern. This review explores Shigella pathology, with a primary focus on the status of Shigella vaccine candidates. These candidates include killed whole-cells, live attenuated organisms, LPS-based, and subunit vaccines. The strengths and weaknesses of each vaccination strategy are considered. The discussion includes potential Shigella immunogens, such as LPS, conserved T3SS proteins, outer membrane proteins, diverse animal models used in Shigella vaccine research, and innovative vaccine development approaches. Additionally, this review addresses ongoing challenges that necessitate action toward advancing effective Shigella prevention and control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T10:24:26Z","timestamp":1713176666000},"page":"4329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Shigella Vaccines: The Continuing Unmet Challenge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ti","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayan","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3170-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debaki R.","family":"Howlader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D.","family":"Picking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy L.","family":"Picking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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