{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:11:27Z","timestamp":1778343087941,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82272331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272331"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82341071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82341071"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022JZ-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JZ-45"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023-JC-ZD-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-ZD-49"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024SF-YBXM-286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SF-YBXM-286"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Key Program of Shaanxi","award":["82272331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272331"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Key Program of Shaanxi","award":["82341071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82341071"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Key Program of Shaanxi","award":["2022JZ-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JZ-45"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Key Program of Shaanxi","award":["2023-JC-ZD-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-ZD-49"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Key Program of Shaanxi","award":["2024SF-YBXM-286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SF-YBXM-286"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["82272331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272331"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["82341071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82341071"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2022JZ-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JZ-45"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2023-JC-ZD-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-ZD-49"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024SF-YBXM-286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SF-YBXM-286"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CX3CL1, also named fractalkine or neurotactin, is the only known member of the CX3C chemokine family that can chemoattract several immune cells. CX3CL1 exists in both membrane-anchored and soluble forms, with each mediating distinct biological activities. CX3CL1 signals are transmitted through its unique receptor, CX3CR1, primarily expressed in the microglia of the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, CX3CL1 acts as a regulator of microglia activation in response to brain disorders or inflammation. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the role of CX3CL1 in regulating cell adhesion, chemotaxis, and host immune response in viral infection. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the changes and function of CX3CL1 in various viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, to highlight the emerging roles of CX3CL1 in viral infection and associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T07:55:54Z","timestamp":1713426954000},"page":"4451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Alterations in CX3CL1 Levels and Its Role in Viral Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4272-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3614-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boquan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6756-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111870","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022111870","article-title":"Nucleic acid-protein condensates in innate immune signaling","volume":"42","author":"Corbet","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120145","article-title":"Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Positioning cells for host defense and immunity","volume":"32","author":"Griffith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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