{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:52:16Z","timestamp":1792612336856,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our objective in this review article is to present a clinical case of a patient with antisynthetase syndrome (ASyS) and provide an overview of the pathogenesis, classification criteria, antibody profiles, clinical features, and current knowledge of treatment options, focusing on interstitial lung disease (ILD). ASyS is an uncommon autoimmune disease with a heterogenous clinical presentation characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and manifested by myositis, fever, inflammatory arthritis, Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon, mechanics hands, and ILD. ASyS-associated ILD (ASyS-ILD) is the most serious complication of ASyS, which may evolve to rapidly progressive ILD; therefore, it often requires thorough clinical and radiologic evaluation including recognition of a specific clinical phenotype associated with the antisynthetase antibodies (ASAbs) to guide therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1713436252000},"page":"4453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["A Review of Antisynthetase Syndrome-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Puja","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna M.","family":"Marinock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aamir","family":"Ajmeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence H.","family":"Brent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959653","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.959653","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Wells","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/CPM.0000000000000171","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisynthetase Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Witt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.09.020","article-title":"Antisynthetase syndrome\u2014Much more than just a myopathy","volume":"51","author":"Opinc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/8xj0b9","article-title":"Defining anti-synthetase syndrome: A systematic literature review","volume":"40","author":"Zanframundo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866087","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.866087","article-title":"Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases: On Anti-Synthetase Syndrome and Beyond","volume":"13","author":"Notarnicola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.163.5.1281","article-title":"Autoantibodies against alanyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNAAla coexist and are associated with myositis","volume":"163","author":"Bunn","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.5.1737","article-title":"Autoantibodies to aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases for isoleucine and glycine. Two additional synthetases are antigenic in myositis","volume":"144","author":"Targoff","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.4.2315","article-title":"Anti-KS: Identification of autoantibodies to asparaginyl-transfer RNA synthetase associated with interstitial lung disease","volume":"162","author":"Hirakata","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem045","article-title":"Anti-synthetase syndrome: A new autoantibody to phenylalanyl transfer RNA synthetase (anti-Zo) associated with polymyositis and interstitial pneumonia","volume":"46","author":"Betteridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3282f01a8c","article-title":"Autoantibodies in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: An update on clinical and pathophysiological significance","volume":"19","author":"Mimori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0349-8","article-title":"Clinical heterogeneity and outcomes of antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Hervier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198320902667","article-title":"Antisynthetase syndrome: A distinct disease spectrum","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872615","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.872615","article-title":"Clinical features, prognostic factors, and survival of patients with antisynthetase syndrome and interstitial lung disease","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavagna, L., Trallero-Aragu\u00e1s, E., Meloni, F., Cavazzana, I., Rojas-Serrano, J., Feist, E., Zanframundo, G., Morandi, V., Meyer, A., and Pereira da Silva, J.A. (2019). Influence of Antisynthetase Antibodies Specificities on Antisynthetase Syndrome Clinical Spectrum Time Course. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8112013"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.197","article-title":"Granzyme B cleavage of autoantigens in autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Darrah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020186","article-title":"Histidyl-tRNA synthetase and asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, autoantigens in myositis, activate chemokine receptors on T lymphocytes and immature dendritic cells","volume":"196","author":"Howard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41075","article-title":"Proinflammatory Histidyl-Transfer RNA Synthetase-Specific CD4+ T Cells in the Blood and Lungs of Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies","volume":"72","author":"Albrecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501902","article-title":"Involvement of NK Cells and NKp30 Pathway in Antisynthetase Syndrome","volume":"197","author":"Hervier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05013-7","article-title":"A prospective cross-sectional study of serum IL-17A in antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Carboni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14292","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009234107","article-title":"Proinflammatory T helper type 17 cells are effective B-cell helpers","volume":"107","author":"Mitsdoerffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"73","article-title":"IL-17 patterns in synovium, serum and synovial fluid from treatment-na\u00efve, early rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"53","author":"Stepan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9365-x","article-title":"Plasma IL-17A is increased in new-onset SLE patients and associated with disease activity","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775267","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.775267","article-title":"Receptor-Mediated NETosis on Neutrophils","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178ra40","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005580","article-title":"NETs are a source of citrullinated autoantigens and stimulate inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Khandpur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134189","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.134189","article-title":"Neutrophil dysregulation is pathogenic in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"5","author":"Seto","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58400-0","article-title":"Influence of MUC5B gene on antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Genre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01992-y","article-title":"Role of MUC1 rs4072037 polymorphism and serum KL-6 levels in patients with antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Genre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547186","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.547186","article-title":"Genetic Susceptibility to Antisynthetase Syndrome Associated With Single-Nucleotide Variants in the IL1B Gene That Lead Variation in IL-1\u03b2 Serum Levels","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex021","article-title":"A longitudinal cohort study of the anti-synthetase syndrome: Increased severity of interstitial lung disease in black patients and patients with anti-PL7 and anti-PL12 autoantibodies","volume":"56","author":"Huapaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132011000100015","article-title":"Myositis-related interstitial lung disease and antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Solomon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211868","article-title":"The EuroMyositis registry: An international collaborative tool to facilitate myositis research","volume":"77","author":"Lilleker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0934","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Involvement in Antisynthetase Syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Noguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502132920706","article-title":"Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts)","volume":"292","author":"Bohan","year":"1975","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40320","article-title":"2017 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Adult and Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and Their Major Subgroups","volume":"69","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0180","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease associated with the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: What progress has been made in the past 35 years?","volume":"138","author":"Connors","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101503","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and treatment of antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Marco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1144","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001144","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum Time Course in Anti Jo-1 Positive Antisynthetase Syndrome: Results From an International Retrospective Multicenter Study","volume":"94","author":"Cavagna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8528-9","article-title":"Serum Jo-1 Autoantibody and Isolated Arthritis in the Antisynthetase Syndrome: Review of the Literature and Report of the Experience of AENEAS Collaborative Group","volume":"52","author":"Cavagna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"44","article-title":"Timing of onset affects arthritis presentation pattern in antisyntethase syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Montecucco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2020.1275","article-title":"The clinical manifestations at the onset of antisynthetase syndrome: A chameleon with multiple faces","volume":"72","author":"Baccaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161480","article-title":"Clinical Profiles and Prognosis of Patients with Distinct Antisynthetase Autoantibodies","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.06.006","article-title":"Hierarchical cluster and survival analyses of antisynthetase syndrome: Phenotype and outcome are correlated with anti-tRNA synthetase antibody specificity","volume":"12","author":"Hervier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.09.008","article-title":"Short-term and long-term outcome of anti-Jo1-positive patients with anti-Ro52 antibody","volume":"41","author":"Marie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.006","article-title":"Comparison of long-term outcome between anti-Jo1- and anti-PL7\/PL12 positive patients with antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Marie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1219-y","article-title":"Comparative analyses of muscle MRI and muscular function in anti-synthetase syndrome patients and matched controls: A cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Andersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-00676-2","article-title":"Autoimmune Myopathies: Updates on Evaluation and Treatment","volume":"15","author":"McGrath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201800","article-title":"Patients with non-Jo-1 anti-tRNA-synthetase autoantibodies have worse survival than Jo-1 positive patients","volume":"73","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152088","article-title":"The Role of Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies and the Management of Interstitial Lung Disease in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: A Systematic Review","volume":"57","author":"Teel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.07.009","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes of interstitial lung disease in anti-Jo-1 positive antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Zamora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.05.012","article-title":"Antisynthetase syndrome: Pulmonary computed tomography findings of adult patients with antibodies to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases","volume":"85","author":"Waseda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.11.026","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in anti-synthetase syndrome: Initial and follow-up CT findings","volume":"84","author":"Debray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000488358","article-title":"Predictive Factors for the Long-Term Deterioration of Pulmonary Function in Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Anti-Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Antibodies","volume":"96","author":"Yamakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150966","article-title":"A Multidisciplinary Evaluation Helps Identify the Antisynthetase Syndrome in Patients Presenting as Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia","volume":"43","author":"Chartrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.80a.12171","article-title":"Antisynthetase syndrome: Not just an inflammatory myopathy","volume":"80","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cleve Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00156312","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in antisynthetase syndrome: Prevalence, aetiology and survival","volume":"42","author":"Hervier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-3023-x","article-title":"Prognostic factors in a cohort of antisynthetase syndrome (ASS): Serologic profile is associated with mortality in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD)","volume":"34","author":"Rivero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07593.x","article-title":"\u201cMechanic\u2019s hands\u201d: A misleading cutaneous sign of the antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Bachmeyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3598-5","article-title":"\u201cHiker\u2019s feet\u201d: A novel cutaneous finding in the inflammatory myopathies","volume":"36","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1365","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170819","article-title":"Mechanic\u2019s hands and hiker\u2019s feet in antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"189","author":"Wernham","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180355","article-title":"Nailfold Capillaroscopy Characteristics of Antisynthetase Syndrome and Possible Clinical Associations: Results of a Multicenter International Study","volume":"46","author":"Sebastiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/23971983221090857","article-title":"Severe digital ischemia as an unrecognized manifestation in patients with antisynthetase autoantibodies: Case series and systematic literature review","volume":"7","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e798","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000798","article-title":"Myocarditis in Patients With Antisynthetase Syndrome: Prevalence, Presentation, and Outcomes","volume":"94","author":"Dieval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318260977c","article-title":"Anti-PL-7 (anti-threonyl-tRNA synthetase) antisynthetase syndrome: Clinical manifestations in a series of patients from a European multicenter study (EUMYONET) and review of the literature","volume":"91","author":"Vincze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-3328","article-title":"A narrative review of interstitial lung disease in anti-synthetase syndrome: A clinical approach","volume":"13","author":"Sawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-020-01030-3","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in patients with antisynthetase syndrome: A retrospective case series study","volume":"39","author":"Baratella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e52733","article-title":"From Suspected COVID-19 to Anti-synthetase Syndrome: A Diagnostic Challenge in the Pandemic Era","volume":"16","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfraji, N., Mazahir, U., Chaudhri, M., and Miskoff, J. (2021). Anti-synthetase syndrome: A rare and challenging diagnosis for bilateral ground-glass opacities-a case report with literature review. BMC Pulm. Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01388-0"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"e134189","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial lung disease related to systemic autoimmune myopathies: A narrative review","volume":"75","author":"Hoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25816","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025816","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of interstitial lung diseases positive to different anti-synthetase antibodies","volume":"100","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.01.031","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Myositis-Associated Lung Disease","volume":"163","author":"Hallowell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"238","article-title":"High prevalence of necrotising myopathy pattern in muscle biopsies of patients with anti-Jo-1 antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Borges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13155","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13155","article-title":"Muscle pathology of antisynthetase syndrome according to antibody subtypes","volume":"33","author":"Tanboon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamaguchi, Y., Fujimoto, M., Matsushita, T., Kaji, K., Komura, K., Hasegawa, M., Kodera, M., Muroi, E., Fujikawa, K., and Seishima, M. (2013). Common and distinct clinical features in adult patients with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies: Heterogeneity within the syndrome. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060442"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii10","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkab054","article-title":"Clinical profile and treatment outcomes in antisynthetase syndrome: A tertiary centre experience","volume":"5","author":"Sreevilasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Adv. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu404","article-title":"Seronegative polyarthritis revealing antisynthetase syndrome: A multicentre study of 40 patients","volume":"54","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21895","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in anti-Jo-1 patients with antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Marie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03116-5","article-title":"Anti-Jo-1 autoantibodies: Biomarkers of severity and evolution of the disease in antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Arcani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00104310","article-title":"Antisynthetase syndrome positive for anti-threonyl-tRNA synthetase (anti-PL7) antibodies","volume":"37","author":"Hervier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, X., Yan, W., Wang, Y., Li, Q., Shi, X., Gao, Y., and Ye, Q. (2021). Clinical features of anti-synthetase syndrome associated interstitial lung disease: A retrospective cohort in China. BMC Pulm. Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01399-5"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.06.012","article-title":"Phenotypic Profiles Among 72 Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean Patients with Antisynthetase Syndrome Involving Anti-PL7 or Anti-PL12 Autoantibodies","volume":"115","author":"Abel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.05.002","article-title":"Anti-OJ autoantibodies: Rare or underdetected?","volume":"18","author":"Vulsteke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105920","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with anti-EJ antisynthetase syndrome associated interstitial lung disease and literature review","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.2207","article-title":"Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) associated with anti-KS antibody: Differentiation from idiopathic NSIP","volume":"48","author":"Okayasu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0667-OA","article-title":"The pulmonary histopathology of anti-KS transfer RNA synthetase syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez504","article-title":"The myositis clinical phenotype associated with anti-Zo autoantibodies: A case series of nine UK patients","volume":"59","author":"Tansley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq205","article-title":"Usefulness of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and rheumatoid factor to detect rheumatoid arthritis in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.101248","article-title":"Clinical and serological hallmarks of systemic sclerosis overlap syndromes","volume":"38","author":"Pakozdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.022111","article-title":"Presence of rheumatoid factor and antibodies to citrullinated peptides in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"64","author":"Hoffman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309102817","article-title":"The detecting and clinical value of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Qing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090338","article-title":"Citrulline dependence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus as a marker of deforming\/erosive arthritis","volume":"36","author":"Kakumanu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e523","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000523","article-title":"In antisynthetase syndrome, ACPA are associated with severe and erosive arthritis: An overlapping rheumatoid arthritis and antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150844","article-title":"Rituximab in the Treatment of Jo1 Antibody-associated Antisynthetase Syndrome: Anti-Ro52 Positivity as a Marker for Severity and Treatment Response","volume":"43","author":"Bauhammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08814-5","article-title":"Predictive Features and Clinical Presentation of Interstitial Lung Disease in Inflammatory Myositis","volume":"60","author":"Vojinovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab488","article-title":"Myositis specific antibodies are associated with isolated anti-Ro-52 associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"61","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117071","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1117071","article-title":"Myositis interstitial lung disease and autoantibodies","volume":"10","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000002015","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Value of Ro52\/SSA Antibodies in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies","volume":"29","author":"Pepper","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-007-0762-3","article-title":"Anti-Ro52 antibodies, antisynthetase antibodies, and antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Limaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(07)04","article-title":"Myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibody profiles and their clinical associations in a large series of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis","volume":"68","author":"Cruellas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2015.1091155","article-title":"Clinical subsets associated with different anti-aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase antibodies and their association with coexisting anti-Ro52","volume":"26","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/bjb2gf","article-title":"Anti-Ro52 antibodies positivity in antisynthetase syndrome: A single centre cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Zanframundo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930600623791","article-title":"In patients with antisynthetase syndrome the occurrence of anti-Ro\/SSA antibodies causes a more severe interstitial lung disease","volume":"39","author":"Locaputo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-0884-9","article-title":"Characteristics of interstitial lung disease in SS-A positive\/Jo-1 positive inflammatory myopathy patients","volume":"29","author":"Gergely","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06424-4","article-title":"An observational study of clinical recurrence in patients with interstitial lung disease related to the antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)50949-5","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil is safe, well tolerated, and preserves lung function in patients with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"130","author":"Swigris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31818d094b","article-title":"Experience of mycophenolate mofetil in 10 patients with autoimmune-related interstitial lung disease demonstrates promising effects","volume":"337","author":"Saketkoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20212","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil for interstitial lung disease in dermatomyositis","volume":"62","author":"Morganroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.121043","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil improves lung function in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"40","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2013.874762","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease in a patient with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis","volume":"24","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.02.015","article-title":"A retrospective review of clinical features and treatment outcomes in steroid-resistant interstitial lung disease from polymyositis\/dermatomyositis","volume":"107","author":"Parambil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.05.023","article-title":"Long-Term Treatment With Azathioprine and Mycophenolate Mofetil for Myositis-Related Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"156","author":"Huapaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-3065-0","article-title":"The efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with refractory dermatomyositis\/polymyositis: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180778","article-title":"Efficacy of Glucocorticoids and Calcineurin Inhibitors for Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Antibody-positive Polymyositis\/dermatomyositis-associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A Propensity Score-matched Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hozumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00092-2","article-title":"B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: Advances and mechanistic insights","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep157","article-title":"Rituximab treatment of the anti-synthetase syndrome: A retrospective case series","volume":"48","author":"Sem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.01.001","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for refractory interstitial lung disease related to antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Marie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev004","article-title":"Long-term experience with rituximab in anti-synthetase syndrome-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"54","author":"Andersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170541","article-title":"Rituximab in the Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Antisynthetase Syndrome: A Multicenter Retrospective Case Review","volume":"45","author":"Doyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allenbach, Y., Guiguet, M., Rigolet, A., Marie, I., Hachulla, E., Drouot, L., Jouen, F., Jacquot, S., Mariampillai, K., and Musset, L. (2015). Efficacy of Rituximab in Refractory Inflammatory Myopathies Associated with Anti- Synthetase Auto-Antibodies: An Open-Label, Phase II Trial. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133702"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2803-z","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide treatment for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and related interstitial lung disease: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.07.013","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myositis associated interstitial lung disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Barba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2023.152164","article-title":"Intravenous cyclophosphamide improves functional outcomes in interstitial lung disease related to idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"59","author":"Vivero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R149","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4332","article-title":"Functional outcome and prognostic factors in anti-Jo1 patients with antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Marie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.151959","article-title":"Management of MDA-5 antibody positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis associated interstitial lung disease: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"McPherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190505","article-title":"Rituximab and Cyclophosphamide in Antisynthetase Syndrome-related Interstitial Lung Disease: An Observational Retrospective Study","volume":"47","author":"Langlois","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00359-9","article-title":"Rituximab versus intravenous cyclophosphamide in patients with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease in the UK (RECITAL): A double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"11","author":"Maher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2107725","article-title":"CD19-Targeted CAR T Cells in Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"385","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11614","article-title":"Journal Club: Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"5","author":"Boulougoura","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02091-9","article-title":"Author Correction: Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Mackensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-223952","article-title":"Treatment of a patient with severe systemic sclerosis (SSc) using CD19-targeted CAR T cells","volume":"82","author":"Bergmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00023-5","article-title":"CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"401","author":"Boeltz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8753","article-title":"CD19-Targeting CAR T Cells for Myositis and Interstitial Lung Disease Associated With Antisynthetase Syndrome","volume":"329","author":"Pecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead330","article-title":"Rescue therapy of antisynthetase syndrome with CD19-targeted CAR-T-cells after failure of several B cell depleting antibodies","volume":"63","author":"Taubmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6871","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-188830","article-title":"CAR-T Cell Therapy in Patients with Refractory Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Exhibits Less Inflammation, Toxicities and Different Cellular Dynamics Compared to Patients with B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"142","author":"Mueller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.220213","article-title":"Anakinra for the Treatment of Antisynthetase Syndrome: A Monocentric Case Series and a Systematic Literature Review","volume":"50","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003599","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003599","article-title":"Long-lasting improvement of refractory antisynthetase syndrome with tocilizumab: A report of two cases","volume":"9","author":"Dudler","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"377","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abatacept for interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome: A case series","volume":"42","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa323","article-title":"Tofacitinib in antisynthetase syndrome-related rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease","volume":"59","author":"Hervier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01129","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.1129","article-title":"Successful baricitinib treatment of refractory anti-synthetase syndrome associated with interstitial lung disease","volume":"11","author":"Sugino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respirol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003837","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003837","article-title":"Upadacitinib therapy in refractory inflammatory myositis: A case series of 10 patients","volume":"10","author":"Beckett","year":"2024","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velikova, T., Sekulovski, M., Bogdanova, S., Vasilev, G., Peshevska-Sekulovska, M., Miteva, D., and Georgiev, T. (2023). Intravenous Immunoglobulins as Immunomodulators in Autoimmune Diseases and Reproductive Medicine. Antibodies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12010020"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2117912","article-title":"Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Dermatomyositis","volume":"387","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.05.012","article-title":"Long-term treatment with human immunoglobulin for antisynthetase syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"154","author":"Huapaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21387","article-title":"Therapeutic plasma exchange in antisynthetase syndrome with severe interstitial lung disease","volume":"30","author":"Omotoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.22034","article-title":"Therapeutic plasma exchange for steroid refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathies with interstitial lung disease","volume":"38","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30036-9","article-title":"Nintedanib in patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases-subgroup analyses by interstitial lung disease diagnosis in the INBUILD trial: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial","volume":"8","author":"Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"(2024, March 15). FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-treatment-group-progressive-interstitial-lung-diseases."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908681","article-title":"Nintedanib in Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"381","author":"Flaherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1903076","article-title":"Nintedanib for Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"380","author":"Distler","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626953","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.626953","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of Nintedanib in Idiopathic-Inflammatory-Myopathy-Related Interstitial Lung Disease: A Pilot Study","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325082","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1325082","article-title":"Progressive pulmonary fibrosis in myositis-specific antibody-positive interstitial pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/8\/4453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:05Z","timestamp":1760106605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/8\/4453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25084453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25084453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]}}}