{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:20:16Z","timestamp":1775758816685,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using different three-drug immunosuppressive treatment regimens in a rat model, we aimed to determine the effects of long-term therapy on metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 activity and the expression of their inhibitors, as well as to assess the morphology of the animals\u2019 cardiac tissue. Our results suggest that chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs disrupts the balance between the activity of MMPs and TIMPs. Depending on the type of drug regimen used, this leads to abnormalities in the cardiac structure, collagen fiber accumulation, or cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The information obtained in the present study allows us to conclude that the chronic treatment of rats with the most common clinical immunosuppressive regimens may contribute to abnormalities in the myocardial structure and function. The results presented in this study may serve as a prelude to more in-depth analyses and additional research into the optimal selection of an immunosuppressive treatment with the lowest possible risk of cardiovascular complications for patients receiving organ transplants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1713436252000},"page":"4468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effects of Chronic Immunosuppressive Treatment on Morphological Changes in Cardiac Tissue and the Balance between Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and Their Inhibitors in the Rat Heart"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8693-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sur\u00f3wka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 72-010 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u017bo\u0142nierczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, General Surgery and Angiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Prowans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 72-010 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Grabowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Kupnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Markowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 72-010 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 109 Military Hospital, 71-422 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0244-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Olejnik-Wojciechowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 72-010 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Szlosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 72-010 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5635-1630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Szumilas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5853-2147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"K\u0119dzierska-Kapuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Transplantology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education in Warsaw, 137 Woloska St., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a015487","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a015487","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Hartono","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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