{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:43:34Z","timestamp":1792550614343,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) is an intracellular complex that upon external stimuli or contact with specific ligands, recruits other components, forming the NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome mainly mediates pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory mode of regulated cell death, as well as IL-18 and IL-1\u03b2 production. Acute and chronic liver diseases are characterized by a massive influx of pro-inflammatory stimuli enriched in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that promote the assemblage and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. As the major cause of inflammatory cytokine storm, the NLRP3 inflammasome exacerbates liver diseases, even though it might exert protective effects in regards to hepatitis C and B virus infection (HCV and HBV). Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning NLRP3 inflammasome function in both acute and chronic liver disease and in the post liver transplant setting, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved in NLRP3 activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T07:44:09Z","timestamp":1713771849000},"page":"4537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["NLRP3 Inflammasome in Acute and Chronic Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Katia","family":"Sayaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0326-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Battistella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.03.001","article-title":"Inflammasomes and their roles in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis and their related complications: An updated systematic review","volume":"208","author":"Dadmanesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2018.22.1.1","article-title":"Role of inflammasomes in inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Off. J. Korean Physiol. Soc. Korean Soc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643149","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.643149","article-title":"Inflammasomes and Fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780496","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.780496","article-title":"The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis: Therapeutic Targets and Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., and de Alba, E. (2021). Structure, Activation and Regulation of NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020872"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01307-9","article-title":"Therapeutic regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"44","author":"Seok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01879","article-title":"Canonical and Non-canonical Inflammasome Activation by Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Bordetella pertussis","volume":"11","author":"Elizagaray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-015-0093-z","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 in Liver Fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pathobiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0165-0","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: Molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31894-X","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"394","author":"Stravitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171260","article-title":"Sex-dependent differences in inflammatory responses during liver regeneration in a murine model of acute liver injury","volume":"132","author":"Bizzaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2022.04.007","article-title":"Drug-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"34","author":"McAtee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34262-0","article-title":"Restoring cellular magnesium balance through Cyclin M4 protects against acetaminophen-induced liver damage","volume":"13","author":"Castellana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13185","article-title":"NLRP3 deficiency protects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatocyte pyroptosis","volume":"29","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7925","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00724B","article-title":"Kaempferol from Penthorum chinense Pursh suppresses HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-022-01373-7","article-title":"Diacerein counteracts acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice via targeting NLRP3\/caspase-1\/IL-1\u03b2 and IL-4\/MCP-1 signaling pathways","volume":"45","author":"Elshal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Chen, P., Miao, L., and Di, G. (2023). The Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Programmed Cell Death in Acute Liver Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043067"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652782","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652782","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 3 Inhibits Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Pyroptosis through the Regulation of Mitochondrial ROS","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3766","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 3 Is a Key Molecule Regulating Adipocyte Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Adipokine Expression","volume":"16","author":"Huh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02284.x","article-title":"Acetaminophen-induced hepatic neutrophil accumulation and inflammatory liver injury in CD18-deficient mice","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.04.010","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of the acute inflammatory response during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity","volume":"216","author":"Cover","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0805786","article-title":"Alcoholic Hepatitis","volume":"360","author":"Lucey","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2207599","article-title":"Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis","volume":"387","author":"Bataller","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, S., Segal\u00e9s, P., Garc\u00eda-Ruiz, C., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Checa, J.C. (2022). Mitochondria and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091475"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.11.002","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis: A comprehensive review","volume":"41","author":"Liberal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16936","article-title":"Liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis: A multicenter Italian study","volume":"22","author":"Germani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701584163","article-title":"Role of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Acute Inflammatory Liver Injury","volume":"35","author":"Ramaiah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyun, J., Han, J., Lee, C., Yoon, M., and Jung, Y. (2021). Pathophysiological Aspects of Alcohol Metabolism in the Liver. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115717"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayaf, K., Gabbia, D., Russo, F.P., and De Martin, S. (2022). The Role of Sex in Acute and Chronic Liver Damage. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810654"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215333","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1215333","article-title":"NLRP3: A new therapeutic target in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Brahadeeswaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00650D","article-title":"Targeting heme oxygenase-1 by quercetin ameliorates alcohol-induced acute liver injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200301600304","article-title":"Metadoxine in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Alcoholism: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Addolorato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02543.x","article-title":"Metadoxine in acute alcohol intoxication: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"26","author":"Shpilenya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30863-4","article-title":"Treatment with metadoxine and its impact on early mortality in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14946-0","article-title":"Heparanase and macrophage interplay in the onset of liver fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Secchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.056","article-title":"Chronic Liver Diseases and the Microbiome\u2014Translating Our Knowledge of Gut Microbiota to Management of Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"160","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negash, A.A., Ramos, H.J., Crochet, N., Lau, D.T.Y., Doehle, B., Papic, N., Delker, D.A., Jo, J., Bertoletti, A., and Hagedorn, C.H. (2013). IL-1\u03b2 production through the NLRP3 inflammasome by hepatic macrophages links hepatitis C virus infection with liver inflammation and disease. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003330"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788138","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.788138","article-title":"Crosstalk Between Pyroptosis and Apoptosis in Hepatitis C Virus-induced Cell Death","volume":"13","author":"Wallace","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7476231","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7476231","article-title":"Clinical Impact of Viral Load on the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver-Related Mortality in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"2016","author":"Noh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S221187","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mechanisms Associated with Chronic HCV Infection and the Impact of Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Dash","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01168-2","article-title":"Suppressing NLRP3 activation and PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling ameliorates amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats: A possible protective role of nobiletin","volume":"31","author":"Elgharabawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01728","article-title":"Relevance of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01351-z","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes liver cell pyroptosis under oxidative stress through NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"69","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.018","article-title":"HBV inhibits LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1\u03b2 production via suppressing the NF-\u03baB pathway and ROS production","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos-Valdez, M., Monroy-Ram\u00edrez, H.C., Armend\u00e1riz-Borunda, J., and S\u00e1nchez-Orozco, L.V. (2021). Molecular Mechanisms during Hepatitis B Infection and the Effects of the Virus Variability. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061167"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03028","article-title":"Inflammasomes: Emerging Central Players in Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Karan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2023, May 29). The NLRP3 Inflammasome Mediates Liver Failure by Activating Procaspase-1 and pro-IL-1 \u03b2 and Regulating Downstream CD40-CD40L Signaling. Available online: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/epub\/10.1177\/03000605211036845."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176453","article-title":"Tyrosol attenuates NASH features by reprogramming the hepatic immune milieu","volume":"969","author":"Gabbia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.81","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Definitions, risk factors, and workup","volume":"1","author":"Puri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.041","article-title":"Hepatocyte pyroptosis and release of inflammasome particles induce stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"Gaul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.01.022","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH in mice","volume":"66","author":"Mridha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6489012","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6489012","article-title":"Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Progression of NAFLD to NASH","volume":"2016","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03495-4","article-title":"Rhubarb free anthraquinones improved mice nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8962458","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8962458","article-title":"Deficiency of the Purinergic Receptor 2X7 Attenuates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Induced by High-Fat Diet: Possible Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome","volume":"2017","author":"Fantauzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Lee, G., Heo, S.-Y., and Roh, Y.-S. (2022). Oxidative Stress Is a Key Modulator in the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010091"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2022.100780","article-title":"Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by CCl4 exacerbates hepatopathogenic diet-induced experimental NASH","volume":"28","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1205","article-title":"P2X7 Receptor in Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Alcoholic Liver Fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.05.004","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease","volume":"12","author":"Osna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02666-w","article-title":"NLRP3 deficiency decreases alcohol intake controlling anxiety-like behavior via modification of glutamatergic transmission in corticostriatal circuits","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2014.08.006","article-title":"The inflammasome in alcoholic hepatitis: Its relationship with Mallory\u2013Denk body formation","volume":"97","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4862","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00944","article-title":"Amelioration of Alcoholic Liver Steatosis by Dihydroquercetin through the Modulation of AMPK-Dependent Lipogenesis Mediated by P2X7R\u2013NLRP3-Inflammasome Activation","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303468","article-title":"Moderate alcohol induces stress proteins HSF1 and hsp70 and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines resulting in endotoxin tolerance","volume":"193","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G66","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00334.2017","article-title":"Complement Factor D protects mice from ethanol-induced inflammation and liver injury","volume":"315","author":"McCullough","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14338","article-title":"Inhibition of HSP90 and activation of HSF1 diminishes macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activity in alcoholic liver injury","volume":"44","author":"Choudhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31065","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Adults and Children: 2019 Practice Guidance and Guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"72","author":"Mack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00758","article-title":"NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 Inflammasome-Dependent IL-1\u03b2 Accelerated ConA-Induced Hepatitis","volume":"9","author":"Luan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2022137","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation mechanism and its role in autoimmune liver disease","volume":"54","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108867","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates autoimmune hepatitis in mice by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"108","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb9818","article-title":"Succination inactivates gasdermin D and blocks pyroptosis","volume":"369","author":"Humphries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00549-8","article-title":"Liver ischaemia-reperfusion injury: A new understanding of the role of innate immunity","volume":"19","author":"Hirao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"67","author":"Karlsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maroni, L., Ninfole, E., Pinto, C., Benedetti, A., and Marzioni, M. (2020). Gut\u2013Liver Axis and Inflammasome Activation in Cholangiocyte Pathophysiology. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030736"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh-20-266","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"6","author":"Rabiee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.10.010","article-title":"Nlrp3 Activation Induces Il-18 Synthesis and Affects the Epithelial Barrier Function in Reactive Cholangiocytes","volume":"187","author":"Maroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, M.I., Vannan, D., Eksteen, B., and Reyes, J.L. (2020). NLRP3 receptor contributes to protection against experimental antigen-mediated cholangitis. Biosci. Rep., 40.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20200689"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.05.011","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"77","author":"Chazouilleres","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.-W., Kim, J.-H., Kim, S.-E., Jung, J.H., Jang, M.-K., Park, S.-H., Lee, M.-S., Kim, H.-S., Suk, K.T., and Kim, D.J. (2022). Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Knowledge of Pathogenesis and Therapeutics. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061288"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01309","article-title":"Gal-3 Deficiency Suppresses Novosphyngobium aromaticivorans Inflammasome Activation and IL-17 Driven Autoimmune Cholangitis in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Arsenijevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.12.008","article-title":"Inflammasome Is Activated in the Liver of Cholestatic Patients and Aggravates Hepatic Injury in Bile Duct\u2013Ligated Mouse","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31494","article-title":"Bidirectional Role of NLRP3 During Acute and Chronic Cholestatic Liver Injury","volume":"73","author":"Frissen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.022","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: The diagnosis and management of patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"67","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.016","article-title":"The selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 alleviates cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis in mice","volume":"70","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13123","article-title":"Activation of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in Kupffer cells in hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"282","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26320","article-title":"ASC\/caspase-1\/IL-1\u03b2 signaling triggers inflammatory responses by promoting HMGB1 induction in liver ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"58","author":"Kamo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, R.O.S., Losada, D.M., Jordani, M.C., \u00c9vora, P., and Castro-e-Silva, O. (2019). Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury Revisited: An Overview of the Latest Pharmacological Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205034"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565592","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02155","article-title":"The Immunological Basis of Liver Allograft Rejection","volume":"11","author":"Ronca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905423","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.905423","article-title":"The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Pathway of Hepatic Macrophages in Liver Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28739","article-title":"The myeloid heat shock transcription factor 1\/\u03b2-catenin axis regulates NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation in mouse liver ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"64","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshihara, E. (2020). TXNIP\/TBP-2: A Master Regulator for Glucose Homeostasis. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080765"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800028RR","article-title":"Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) attenuates ischemia\/reperfusion injury in the liver through inhibition of the TXNIP\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in a rat model of donation after cardiac death","volume":"32","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"267","article-title":"Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, and A. Khonakdar-Tarsi. NF-\u03baB and NLRP3 gene expression changes during warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats with and without silibinin","volume":"14","author":"Zarpou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.10.024","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Attenuates Warm Hepatic Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury via Modulation of the NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 Inflammasome","volume":"52","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107977","article-title":"The protective effect of isoflurane pretreatment on liver IRI by suppressing noncanonical pyroptosis of liver macrophages","volume":"99","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas-Ruiz, F., Pe\u00f1\u00edn-Franch, A., Pons, J.A., Ram\u00edrez, P., Pelegr\u00edn, P., Cuevas, S., and Baroja-Mazo, A. (2022). Emerging Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis in Liver Transplantation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214396"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.079","article-title":"Extracellular ATP Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Is an Early Danger Signal of Skin Allograft Rejection","volume":"21","author":"Pons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15670","article-title":"Elevated levels of circulating mitochondrial DNA predict early allograft dysfunction in patients following liver transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Yoshino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5604\/16652681.1184212","article-title":"Early allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation: An intermediate outcome measure for targeted improvements","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1413-8","article-title":"Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.08.020","article-title":"Inflammasome activation involved in early inflammation reaction after liver transplantation","volume":"190","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002461","article-title":"Effect of the Selective NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor mcc950 on Transplantation Outcome in a Pig Liver Transplantation Model with Organs from Donors after Circulatory Death Preserved by Hypothermic Machine Perfusion","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/8\/4537\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:31:43Z","timestamp":1760106703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/8\/4537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25084537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25084537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]}}}