{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:04:36Z","timestamp":1793333076438,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8M0752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8M0752"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8M0721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8M0721"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8M0722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8M0722"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CORPG8P0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8P0031"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8P0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8P0081"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CORPG8P0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8P0011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early life exposure lays the groundwork for the risk of developing cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic (CKM) syndrome in adulthood. Various environmental chemicals to which pregnant mothers are commonly exposed can disrupt fetal programming, leading to a wide range of CKM phenotypes. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has a key role as a ligand-activated transcription factor in sensing these environmental chemicals. Activating AHR through exposure to environmental chemicals has been documented for its adverse impacts on cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, kidney disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as evidenced by both epidemiological and animal studies. In this review, we compile current human evidence and findings from animal models that support the connection between antenatal chemical exposures and CKM programming, focusing particularly on AHR signaling. Additionally, we explore potential AHR modulators aimed at preventing CKM syndrome. As the pioneering review to present evidence advocating for the avoidance of toxic chemical exposure during pregnancy and deepening our understanding of AHR signaling, this has the potential to mitigate the global burden of CKM syndrome in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T08:08:27Z","timestamp":1713859707000},"page":"4599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Impact of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor on Antenatal Chemical Exposure-Induced Cardiovascular\u2013Kidney\u2013Metabolic Programming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.001206","article-title":"Developmental origins of noncommunicable disease: Population and public health implications","volume":"94","author":"Hanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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