{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T09:38:00Z","timestamp":1776505080004,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50531-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50531-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myelodysplastic syndrome\/neoplasm (MDS) comprises a group of heterogeneous hematopoietic disorders that present with genetic mutations and\/or cytogenetic changes and, in the advanced stage, exhibit wide-ranging gene hypermethylation. Patients with higher-risk MDS are typically treated with repeated cycles of hypomethylating agents, such as azacitidine. However, some patients fail to respond to this therapy, and fewer than 50% show hematologic improvement. In this context, we focused on the potential use of epigenetic data in clinical management to aid in diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. First, we used the F-36P MDS cell line to establish an azacitidine-resistant F-36P cell line. We performed expression profiling of azacitidine-resistant and parental F-36P cells and used biological and bioinformatics approaches to analyze candidate azacitidine-resistance-related genes and pathways. Eighty candidate genes were identified and found to encode proteins previously linked to cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia, and transcriptional misregulation in cancer. Interestingly, 24 of the candidate genes had promoter methylation patterns that were inversely correlated with azacitidine resistance, suggesting that DNA methylation status may contribute to azacitidine resistance. In particular, the DNA methylation status and\/or mRNA expression levels of the four genes (AMER1, HSPA2, NCX1, and TNFRSF10C) may contribute to the clinical effects of azacitidine in MDS. Our study provides information on azacitidine resistance diagnostic genes in MDS patients, which can be of great help in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in progressing azacitidine treatment for newly diagnosed MDS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T08:18:27Z","timestamp":1714119507000},"page":"4723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Profiling Suggest Potential Biomarkers for Azacitidine Resistance in Myelodysplastic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Da Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Yeop","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Medical Innovation, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somi","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Carmody Rd., St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Genomics and Machine Learning Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Rd., Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1904794","article-title":"Myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"383","author":"Cazzola","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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