{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:18:55Z","timestamp":1772489935760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are a neurological disorder characterized by enlarged intracranial capillaries in the brain, increasing the susceptibility to hemorrhagic strokes, a major cause of death and disability worldwide. The limited treatment options for CCMs underscore the importance of prognostic biomarkers to predict the likelihood of hemorrhagic events, aiding in treatment decisions and identifying potential pharmacological targets. This study aimed to identify blood biomarkers capable of diagnosing and predicting the risk of hemorrhage in CCM1 patients, establishing an initial set of circulating biomarker signatures. By analyzing proteomic profiles from both human and mouse CCM models and conducting pathway enrichment analyses, we compared groups to identify potential blood biomarkers with statistical significance. Specific candidate biomarkers primarily associated with metabolism and blood clotting pathways were identified. These biomarkers show promise as prognostic indicators for CCM1 deficiency and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, strongly correlating with the likelihood of hemorrhagic cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). This lays the groundwork for further investigation into blood biomarkers to assess the risk of hemorrhagic CCMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T09:26:02Z","timestamp":1714123562000},"page":"4740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Circulating Blood Prognostic Biomarker Signatures for Hemorrhagic Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCMs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Croft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1362-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Grajeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnathan S.","family":"Abou-Fadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-6262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron C.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Estevao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor C.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.177","article-title":"Cavernous malformations: Natural history, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Batra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. 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